Kant Metaphysical Exposition of Space Essay Example for Free

Kant Metaphysical Exposition of Space Essay Kant: Explain and asses what you think to be the best argument Kant gives as his Metaphysical Exposition of Space (B37-40) that space cannot be either and actual entity (Newtonian concept) or any independent relation among real things (Leibnizian concepti be on). In other words, is he successful in arguing that space must be (at least) a form of intuition? Do any of his arguments further show that space must be ONLY a form of intuition and not ALSO something Newtonian or Leibnizian? In his Metaphysical Exposition of Space, Kant attempts to show that the experience of space is just a form of intuition. Kant defines space as that of which we sense out side of us, in comparison to our mind, which is our inner sense. This outer sense of space, he claims, is known only to us because we have a intuitive sense of there being space in the first place. Kant asserts this argument in direct response to two other claims about the nature of space. The Newtonian concept of space holds that space is an entity existing in its own right, with objects merely being in it. The Leibnizian concept of space however holds the opposite, space doesnt really exist and is just a relation created between existing objects. Kant believes both concepts are wrong and claims that to first know about objects in space, we must have some deeper knowledge of space to put them in space. He further tries to claim that space is only a form of intuition and not just the foundation to support either of the other two concepts. Kant presents some strong points showing the faults in the other concepts and provides a reason alternative to what makes the nature of space. However his concept too, that space is known only through intuition, also isnt as strong as it should be. It appears that space may be known through intuition from an individual perspective, but on closer investigation, taking in all forms of life and evolution, where did this pre wired intuition of space have its start? Kants concept of space seems to be well grounded in some areas and not in others. Kants definition of space helps him prove that the concept of space is a form of intuition. Space, he holds, is everything that is sensed outside of us. The mind is the inner sense and everything else is in space. We then represent objects in that space, where they are interpreted as having shape, magnitude and relationships to other objects in space. But then what is this space, Kant questions? Not satisfied with the current theories of the nature of time, Kant moves to show their faults through a set of arguments. The Newtonian concept of space claims that space exists as an entity in its own right. This concept is the most user friendly, and it is similar to the common sense view that most people grow up with. That is, we experience objects around us as exist in a void of space, where that void itself can exist on its own. Objects exist in this space, which is an infinite entity. The theory claims that through our sense, sight, touch extra, we learn about the world. We learn from our senses about space and how it works. We start of in the world with no idea of space and through a trial and area type system of learning, we being to understand the nature of space and of objects in it. Space exists and we lean of its existence though life experience. Kant cannot accept the Newtonian concept of space. In his first argument, Kant claims that space is not a concept that has been drawn from our experiences. His reasoning behind this is; how can we know to put the data that we gain from our senses into a world of space if we dont know of space to begin with? That is, to know to put this sensory data into a thing called space, we must first have some idea of space. Kant does not think that it is possible to stumble across the idea of space just through trial and error. Space, he claims, must be an intuitive idea that we are born with, so we know to put the data we gain into some logical order. We cant experience space without first having some idea of it being there. We must know what we are looking for, before we can find it. Kant seems to be onto something with this argument. It does seem plausible to think that the idea of space is already programmed into our brain. For we are objects ourselves that did develop in this world. But then isnt that learning about space through experience just over a few generations. So on a longer time scale we gradually learnt how to interact with space. The intuition of space is just another characteristic that we gain from our ancestors. The species, or life, learnt about space. But this is not what Kant is trying to claim. He is claiming that it is intuition that we have always had, the entire human existence has always had. This on the biological level seems rather odd. Is it just humans that have this intuition? It doesnt seem grounded to answer this question with a yes. But then back in early beings of life, do single cell organisms also have this intuition, do they even know they exist? So Kant must mean fully developed humans, or at least fairly intelligent animals. But this still suggests that having the intuition of space is something that is developed over evolution. So in turn is something that is gain from the species evolutionary experience. It is an odd claim to say that just one day a higher level animal just suddenly experience space. Perhaps now we have some basic animal instinct of how space works, Kant does not justify how this come about. The intuition of space my have evolved, which is a from of long term experience. The Leibnizian concept claims that space is just the relationship between objects and cannot exist on its own. Unlike the Newtonian concept of space, this theory claims that space does not and could not exist without the presents of objects. Space is just an attribute of objects, without them space is not present. If there was no objects there would be no need for space and it would not be present. We see objects all around us, and in order to understand the raw data presented by our senses we dream up relationships among them which we call space. Space is not an entity in its own right, it is simple the relation between existing objects. Kant can also not accept the Leibnizian concept of space. In his second argument, Kant claims that it is possible to have space without the presents of objects. Using a thought experiment Kant tries to show that we can image an empty space, a space without objects in it. He uses the experiment as a direct attack on the Leibnizian concept that space is just an attribute of objects. Kant believes that it is possible to image empty space, free of any objects. He claims that since this is possible space must be more then just an attribute of existing objects. Kants argument here doesnt seem as strong. He just seems to state that we can imagine empty, boundless space. It seems slightly more difficult to achieve then what he makes out. At first it seems sure, we can think of empty space, but is it really empty space that we are imagining here? Maybe we can think of a void, but isnt that just the space between objects? The depths of space, are just long distances from existing objects, not empty space. It seems every time we try to think of space it is in relation to objects or boundaries. Kant tries to make the thought experiment seem simple, but on closer inspection, imagining space total separate to objects is very difficult. Space might be its own existing thing, but it is not shown through this method of reasoning. It still seems plausible that space in known by our intuition, however that intuition is just knowing to see that existing objects have the attribute, and relation to other objects, space. Kant does not strongly prove that space can exist on its own. Kant claims that space is an existing thing that we are born being aware of and nothing more. It can only be this and not a combination of intuition and the Newtonian and Leibnizian concepts of space. It cant be, for example, that space is an intuition of a simple relationship between objects, or that we intuitively need to learn of its existence through experience. Kant uses further arguments to show this. In his third argument Kant further shows that to understand space we must first have the framework set out to understand that space must exist. That is it must be known by pure intuition alone. For the Leibnizian concept to be correct, it would seem possible to think of separate spaces. That is, according to the theory, space only exists with resect to objects, or every object has its own space. It seems the concept is suggesting that there is lots of little spaces everywhere, that connect, or not connect, regarding if the objects are close or near. Kant believes that is not a very reasonable way of seeing how the world or space works. Intuitively we seem to know that there is one infinite space, that maybe divided up by objects, but is still known to be part of the one big whole of space. Kant even seems to suggest that it is impossible for our minds to imagine no space at all. Our intuition of space is so strong, our minds cannot interpret the world without it. Space cannot be intuitive and a relation between objects, Kant believes it must only be known intuitively The mind experiment Kant uses here seems much more agreeable. I does seem that we see space as one big infinite entity, in which all objects exists. The Leibnizian theory does seem to infer that there are lots of little independent spaces following the object they belong to. This seems to be a very strange way of seeing the world indeed, and one very hard to imagine. Kants argument against the Leibnizian concept is strong here, but does it prove that both space is an intuition and not at all an aspect of an object? It appears we can agree with Kant that space is not just a relation between objects, that it exists in its own right. But what is not strong is that intuition is the way we can experience and not through learning from our senses. In his forth and finally argument on the nature of space, Kant tries to show that it is not something we intuitively know to look for, but that we are already born knowing of its existence. Kant believes that it is not possible to interpret the raw data given to us by our senses into any order without first knowing to put it into space. The data would simple not make any sense. And why would just having this data spore the idea of putting into an order of space. How do we know to link that sound with that vision? Yes we learn other things about the world from experience, but this only possible by having the framework of knowing how space works in our heads to being with. All other knowledge is built on the bedrock of us knowing that things outside of us work in space. Kant claims that knowing space is through intuition alone, and through a combination of intuition and learning. Kants argument here is partly agreeable. He makes a strong point that linking to very different experience, like sight and sound, into one event, would be very difficult achieve, if at all, if they werent put into space. From a person to person basis his concept of space is quiet agreeable. If each person was to learn in their life time about how space worked, wouldnt there, by numbers, be some people they never stumble across its working, or even people taking different amounts of time to achieve this knowledge. It would seem that these people would behave very strange in the world. Babies seem to develop an idea of how space works in all about the same way and time frame. If it was up to each individual to learn, or to stumble across the truth, the world would probably be a very different place. So yes, Kant seems to be on the right track that each person is pre wire to expect a world with space, this does not however explain how and when and for what level of life this pre wiring occurred. Kants theory of intuitive space needs to be more developed. Kant finally concludes that space cant be known through trial and error, it cant be an attribute of objects, and must be known through the intuition alone. The raw data that our eyes and ears gather would be useless if our mind didnt have space to make sense of it all. But would space still exist even if it wasnt an intuition? Kant would seem to answer yes to this. So is the need to have the intuition of space to understand it just a human condition? Kants reply to this one does not seem as clear. Surely before humans there were living beings interacting in space. Did these living things need an intuition of space to survive? For humans it seems necessary that we understand the nature of space, otherwise I dont think we would be able to survive. But then if we didnt understand what our senses where telling us by putting them into the concept of space, why would we evolve senses at all? Surely we wouldnt have eyes and ears ect. If we evolved not needing or using them. So does every animal that has the same sensors as us have the same intuition of space as we do? This idea seems to be begging the question ? what came first the intuition of space, or the senses and the ability to perceive it? For one seems to be seems to be surely useless with out the other. Kants concept seems to work if we just look at a snap shot of the world functioning today, however it does not satisfy how the world got to be the way it is. Perhaps this is not goal he was wanting to achieve, but for his concept to hold these questions of evolution need to be answered. Kants claims show the faults in past concepts, however his concepts is not total solid yet either. Kant resolves some issues, but then raises some more. It seems now that we cant take for granted what we all assume that we learn about space through experience, and it seems too that space exists in its own right. Kant seems to make this clear, he does not however clearly prove that space is known by intuition alone.

Electrolysis Investigation :: Papers

Electrolysis Investigation Aim To investigate how voltage affects the amount of a copper (Cu) deposited during electrolysis of copper sulphate solution (CuSO4). Variables ========= TEMPERATURE - Approximately 20ÂÂ ° centigrade.The higher the temperature, the faster the ions move through the solution. Thus, more copper is deposited in the given time period. ELECTROLYTE (CONCENTRATION) - 100g per litre. The denser the solution, the slower the reaction. The slower the reaction, the less copper is deposited in the given time period. VOLTAGE - (Input / Key Variable) 1-5 volts. The higher the voltage, the faster the ions move. The faster ions move, the more copper is deposited in the given time period. TIME - 1 minute. The longer the ions have to move, the more copper is deposited. ELECTRODES (AREA) - 211.2cmÂÂ ³. The larger the electrode, the more copper can be deposited on it and faster. ELECTRODES (DISTANCE APART) - 5cm. The further apart the electrodes, the further the ions have to travel, and so it takes longer for the copper to be deposited and the less copper can be deposited in the given time period. Prediction I predict that the higher the voltage, the faster the ions in the copper sulphate solution will move and so deposit more copper at the cathode in the given time period. If I decrease the voltage less copper will be deposited. Below is some scientific theory to back up my prediction. Scientific Theory Electrolysis is the process of decomposing compounds by electrical energy. An element is produced at each electrode. In my experiment the copper sulphate will start to decompose. At the cathode copper will be formed. Oxygen will be formed at the anode. This causes the anode to wear away while the cathode gains mass. According to Faraday's second law of electrolysis, "The quantity of a substance that is electrolysed is proportional to the quantity of the electricity used." It follows that the speed at which a substance is

Bloodless Surgery

Bloodless Surgery| [Type the document subtitle]| Michael Jones| Abstract There have been many court cases that has made, parent who deny their child blood transfusion, to have to get one. Most time the courts will side with the parents, but if their decision not to is life threatening, the court side with the hospital. Most times it is for religious reasons that parent don’t want their child to have blood transfusion. There are many risks associated with blood transfusion, some parents don’t want to take that risk. Some of the diseases you can get are hepatitis B and hepatitis C. HIV and AIDS can also be contracted through blood transfusion. It can even lead to death of a recipient. Is it ethical for parents to chose for their kids not to have blood transfusion. There is an alternative to blood transfusion. There are many tools and techniques to prevent the need for blood transfusion. Many doctors today are moving more towards bloodless surgery. The growth of bloodless surgery can be largely due to the number of Jehovah’s Witness patients. It is beneficial for both the patient and the hospital. More cost effective and faster recovery. I will talk about how preoperative planning is important for a successful bloodless surgery. I will touch on technique like cell savaging and Normothermia. Also introduce you to a cool tool called Cyber-Knife. I will show how Jehovah’s Witnesses and their Hospital Liaison Committee help my family when it came to bloodless surgery. Blood transfusions have been known to have many dangers. In most cases the cons outweighs the pros, causing many people to consider alternative measures. Today one of the most innovative and effective alternatives is bloodless surgery. In the event that you are faced by such a challenging yet important decision such a surgery, allow me to enlighten you on some of the statistics, procedures and benefits of bloodless surgery to assist you in making an informed decision. As we look at some of the dangers that are associated with blood transfusion alongside modern methods, equipment and benefits of bloodless surgery. We will see how these procedures have progressed over the years, and how the increase in use of bloodless surgery can be attributed to a small group of people known as Jehovah’s Witness. Witnesses as patients will not accept blood transfusion, under any circumstances. This has caused doctors to look for other solutions. The reasons why you should use bloodless surgery are the risk associated with blood transfusion. Transfusions have been used for over fifty years in clinical medicine. Within those fifty years it has become apparent that the risk such as infectious viruses, bacterial infections and even death has been linked to blood transfusion. Infectious viruses include but are limited to blood borne pathogens like hepatitis B and C. The Blood bank reports â€Å"for screened units of blood in 2007, 1 in 137,000 had hepatitis B, fewer than 1 in 1,000,000 for hepatitis C† (Nagarsheth, N. P. , Sasan, F. 2009) Blood transfusions have been associated with higher incidence of bacterial infections. â€Å"Bacterial infection was 2 percent non-transfusion patients, 15 percent for those with up to 2 units of blood red blood cells transfused, 22 percent with three to five units of blood, and 29 percent for patients transfused with 6 or more units of blood. † (Nagarsheth, N. P. , Sasan, F. 009) The more blood received in a transfusion, the more likely you are to get a postoperative infection. Many People today receive multiple transfusions. Transfusion in time develops allergenic immunization. This limits the supply of compatible blood. These numbers may seem like lottery chances, but why take the chance. Ultimately there is death. Death is not a foreign outcome of blood transfusion. Transfusion related acute l ung injury or TRALI, was first reported in the early 90’s. It’s a life threading reaction following a blood transfusion. TRALI is now known to cause many deaths each year. However, experts believe that the number of death is much higher than what is reported in relation to TRALI, because many doctors are unaware of the symptoms. The cause for such a reaction is conclusive. New scientist states â€Å"The blood that causes TRALI appears to come primarily from people who have multiple transfusions. TRALI is the top reason for blood transfusion death in the world. Jehovah’s Witnesses have benefited greatly from their faithful course. Although their reason for not having blood transfusions are not because of the negative reasons that derive from it, but because of their devout belief in God and the Bible. They obey scripture such as Acts 15; 20 which states â€Å"abstain from blood† and Leviticus 7; 26 â€Å"you must not eat any blood. † Jehovah’s Witnesses respect Gods authority and has taken their stand against blood transfusions, regardless of the outcome. If you do not agree with such a point of view, let’s examine the benefits to bloodless surgery and its advancing technology. Over the years the tools and techniques of surgery without blood transfusion has improved greatly. One tool or technique used for surgeries with a lot of blood lost is called cell salvage. This involves recovering the blood lost by a patient, cleaning it, and putting it back into the patient. This is done non-stop during surgery. â€Å"Technological advances have increased system automation†¦ offering higher processing speeds and better end product. †(Lawrence Goodnough. 2003 Vol. 4) Cell salvaging is also cost effective for the hospital and the patient. If there is a surgery with lots of blood lost, it is cheaper to use cell salvage than the units of blood used in a transfusion. Also the recovery time is faster reducing the time and money a patient spends at a hospital. How can blood loss during surgery be lowered in order to lessen the chance for need of a blood transfusion? The key is preoperative planning for a successful bloodless surgery. The first thing to be considered is the amount of red blood cell (RBC) that will lost before a transfusion is needed. This is called the transfusion threshold. Another thing that can be done before surgery is to â€Å"increase the patients RBC mass. † (Watchtower Bible and Track Society, 2004) RBC mass can be increased by injection of iron into the patient. Also erythropoietin(EPO). EPO is a protein hormone produced by the kidneys. â€Å"This synthetic hormone acts like the natural erythropoietin found in our kidneys and stimulates the bone marrow to send new, fresh red cells into the bloodstream. † (Watchtower. org)EPO is normally given 10 to 20 days before surgery. If you increase the RBC mass and lower the transfusion threshold, it allows for an even greater acceptable amount of blood loss. Normothermia is a technique used to keep the patient’s body temperature during surgery. This helps keep the blood flowing properly. Managing the patient body temperature throughout the entire process reduces the surreal shock to the body which reduces the chances of incurring infection. The patient can be warmed by a thermal suit or a machine that infuses warm fluid into the body. The position can also help reduces blood loss during surgery. Local veins pressure changes depending on the field of relativity to the heart. Low pressure goes hand in hand with blood saved. Stanford University Medical Center is a pioneer in the use of bloodless surgery in neurosurgery. â€Å"Without sawing into the skull or so much as cutting the scalp, they are curing patients whose brain and spine tumors were not long ago considered a death sentences. † (Fillon, Mike 1997) These surgeries are possible with the use of Stanford University’s computer mediated stereotaxis radio surgery known as the Cyber-knife. The Cyber-Knife is basically a robotic x-ray gun that shots small amounts of radiation into the tumor in a lot of different directions. This kills off the infected tissue without over exposing other parts of the body to radiation. Cyber-knife is a robotic arm that locks the radiation beam on to the tumor and constantly readjusts its aim in response to the patient’s natural small movement. To help doctors in providing treatment without blood transfusions, Jehovah's Witnesses have developed a helpful liaison service. Presently, more than 1,400 Hospital Liaison Committees worldwide are equipped to provide doctors and researchers with medical literature from a data base of over 3,000 articles related to bloodless medicine and surgery. Not only Jehovah's Witnesses, but all patients in general today, are less likely to be given unnecessary transfusions because of the work of the Jehovah’s Witnesses' Hospital Liaison Committees. In many surgeries which doctors felt that a transfusion was needed. The liaison committee has provided them with medical literature that shows how effective EPO can be. Some did not think that it would work fast enough to make up the amount of blood needed. A number of cases have shown how quickly EPO gets results. In one instance, on the very same day after EPO was administered, the count of new red cells was already four times normal! †(Watchtower. org) My mother and father got to see how effective the liaison committee, and blood surgery first hand. When my brother was 16 years old, we found out that he had cancer in his knee. At that time there was no hospitals with a committee or doctor that would perform bloodless surgery on Staten Island. So the hospital liaison committee located Mount Sinai Hospital that had one doctor that did do bloodless surgery. My brother was put on EPO, and was the only patient that was. For all of the doctors this was their first time use EPO, or even doing bloodless surgery. They were extremely surprised how much better he was doing than the other kid’s that were having blood transfusions. â€Å"It was really sad to see all those little kids and babies having blood pumped in to them. † That is what my mother said when I was asking her about my brother surgery. She said â€Å"Junior what the only kid that was up walking around, all the other kids was in their beds look like they was about to die. † Two things happened to my brother. First he lost all his hire because of chemotherapy. He also lost his leg because that was the only way they could remove all the cancer. It is reasonable to conclude that although blood transfusion has been around for many years. With all its side effects such as, infectious viruses bacterial infections and even death. It is quickly becoming a thing of the past! With strong scriptural basis and its practical benefits, Jehovah’s Witnesses have been the main reason for the growth of bloodless surgery. Today hospitals across the world implanted bloodless programs to help meet the demand for this growing number. Along with that, doctors have developed many techniques and tools in order to be successful in bloodless surgery. Techniques such as cell savaging and blood recovery and tools like the Cyber-knife. This have allowed for more cost effective surgeries, faster recovery, lower chance for infection and viruses. If ever surgery is something you have to undergo. I hope that I have persuaded you to make the right decision. References Cantrell, S. (2010). New normothermia measure heats up patient- temperature management. Healthcare Purchasing News, 34(3), 22-29. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Fillon, M. (1997). Bloodless surgery. Popular Mechanics, 174(1), 48. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Goodnough, L. , ; Shander, A. (2003). Evolution in alternatives to blood transfusion. Hematology Journal, 4(2), 87. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Nagarsheth, N. P. , ; Sasan, F. (2009). Bloodless Surgery in Gynecologic Oncology. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, 76(6), 589-597. doi:10. 1002/msj. 20146 Watch Tower Bible and track society of Pennsylvania. (2004) Transfusion Alternatives, Document Series. Watchtower. org

The Kite Runner And The Animal Farm - 1804 Words

Good morning viewers, ladies and gentlemen. I welcome you to the Iheart radio of books analysis represent through speaking of it oppression. As part of our weekly program, the theme of our literature analysis is oppression. Oppression is defined as a situation in which people are governed in an unfair and cruel way and prevented from having oppurnities and freedom it also can be in a situation way a particular powerful person is oppressing a particular person with less power. For those who are involve in a society that the governed is are unfair and rule in a cruel way are known as the oppressed and those who are with the power and privilege are known as the oppressor. Oppression can be identified in many ways, they are gender oppression, race oppression, politic oppression, religion oppression and physical oppression. However today we will be discussing about physical oppression, ethnic oppression and religion oppression along with the political oppression. The two text we going examine as part of our literature program are the kite runner and the animal farm. Even though both book is composed of different story however it still mainly focus on political oppression and racial oppression. The similarities and difference between these two books on the knowledge of the oppression will be analysed. The literature can create a picture of the oppression in the reader mind and represent oppression through positioning them to reflect and view the convey oppression that the authorShow MoreRelatedThe, As You Like It, And Khaled Hosseini s The Kite Runner1486 Words   |  6 Pagesthe larger world. These connections help to develop a sense of affinity to a person’s surroundings, thus strengthening both one’s sense of belonging, and sense of self. Both William Shakespeare’s comedy, As You Like It, and Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner, explore the concept of belonging and it’s varying aspects based on different so cial contexts, the perspectives of belonging being shaped by personal context, and the importance of family orientated relationships in developing one’s sense of identityRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pages †¢ Environmental problems nowadays due to scientific inventions in the past (industrial revolution) †¢ Thomas Watson â€Å"I think there’s a world market for about five computers† Nature of ethics subjective vs. Nature of science objective †¢ Animals: rights or soul? †¢ No unified system of ethics †¢ Diversified views and varying moral stands †¢ E.g. embryonic stem cell research: varying models of ‘ensoulment’ ( rights of foetus (US embryo older than 14 days) †¢ Debate alone couldRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesauthorities felt that the prisoner was basically uncooperative, they manacled his hands behind his back and chained his ankles, which made him completely dependent on his cellmates for the fulï ¬ llment of his basic needs. It was this reduction to an animal-like existence in front of other humans which constituted the ultimate humiliation and led most reliably to the destruction of the prisoner’s image of himself. Even in his own eyes he became something that was not worthy of the regard of his fellow

The Holidays With Pay Act Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2324 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? It is a common problem in workplaces where different people speak different languages. Different regions in the world speak English, Spanish, French and other foreign languages. Persons should not lingo around employees that cannot speak their language because it causes confusions.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Diversity A guiding belief is put in place to hire a definite amount of people from different ethnic and cultural groups. This allocation is based on that the approach doesnt allow you to get the most out of workplace array. The diversity challenge is to embrace differences right to the root of the organization. Managers have to listen intimately to the ideas from people from different cultural, race and age groups.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Discrimination Some people would dare say an offensive slur in the workplace. Discrimination can wait in a more intimidating form that is unnoticed by managers. You have women and visible minorities there at your organization . Small businesses can disguise prejudice in the bud by providing support and equal opportunities to all employees. Promotions and pay decisions on objective criteria. Sales numbers or performance review statistics. Global Challenges Advances in Technology Advances in technology will likely impact on human resources on three separate insertions:  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Changes in efficiencies brought about at local institutions leading to the removal of some positions and creation of others.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ There will be an elimination of a number of secretarial and other low tech positions.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶There will be a dramatically increased need for health informatics specialists trained specifically to meet the intricate Information Communication Technology (ICT) needs of organizations.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶Generally there will be a shift that will occur within the healthcare industry toward positions requiring higher education and training and higher salarie s, which will be funded through cost savings made possible by reducing waste, repetition and costly medical errors. Human Resource Plan Job Analysis  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ A human resources planner must predict what kinds of jobs the company will need to fill in the future. This might include replacing employees who leave and finding employees to fill positions that dont yet exist in the organization. Job analysis ensures that human resource planners know the skills needed to fill these positions, when employees join the organization and also what kinds of qualifications, and personal qualities successful workers display. Macroeconomic Modeling  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Forecasters use computer macroeconomic modeling programs to predict future labor force needs. This type of program uses various financial indicators to determine how a labor force must grow or shrink in response to changes in the labor market. A program can or cant include psychoanalysis of past economic trends. Computerized Forecast  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ The determination of future employees needs by projecting organization sales, volume of production and personnel required to maintain the output using computers and software packages.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Human Resource Budget and Planning Analysis Legal Environment Equal employment opportunity cannot be denied any person because of his or her racial group or professed racial group.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Sex Discrimination  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Sexual harassment- Includes practices ranging from direct requests for sexual favors to workplace conditions that create an unfriendly atmosphere for persons of either gender. Sometimes including same sex harassment.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Pregnancy based discrimination-Pregnancy, childbirth, and related medical conditions must be treated in the same way as other provisional illnesses or conditions. The Employment (Equal Pay for Men and Women) Act  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Employers must pay men and women equally. If an employer has both male and female workers in substantially similar positions, he is not allowed to pay them any differently.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Employers also must keep records of payment so that they can prove that they have complied with the Employment Act The Minimum Wage Act This act created minimum wages for different professions. Each profession has its own base minimum wage. The wage changes with hours and with people whose income is a household income. This act created minimum wages for different professions. Each profession has its own base minimum wage. The wage changes with hours and with people whose income is a household income. Workers must also be paid more on holidays, Sundays and Good Friday .Workers must also be paid more on holidays, Sundays and Good Friday. Rest day- means in relation to a worker such day of the week as may be excluded from single time work in respect of a worker. Single time work- means work done duri ng any period not exceeding eight hours on any standard day. Forty hours in any one week of five standard days. The Holidays with Pay Act  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Holiday remuneration-the amount of remuneration payable to a worker during any holidays with pay to which he may be entitled under any order. Casual worker means any worker who is employed from day to day for the performance of a particular task which normally cannot be performed in less than one working day.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Workers earnings-the regular amounts paid by an employer to a worker in respect of the workers services, but do not include any amount paid in respect of overtime work or by way of bonus unless any payments by way of bonus form part of such regular amounts. Power to provide for holidays with pay, sick leave, gratuities and sick benefit in any occupation.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Subject to the provisions of this Act, the Minister may by order direct that workers, including casual workers, in any occupation shall be entitled to be allowed such holidays with pay, such sick leave with pay. Recruitment and Selection Process  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Identify Vacancy and Evaluate Need  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Develop Position Description  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Develop Recruitment Plan  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Select Search Committee  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Post Position and Implement Recruitment Plan  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Review Applicants and Develop Short List  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Conduct Interviews  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Select Hire  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Finalize Recruitment Identify Vacancy and Evaluate Need Recruitments provide opportunities to departments such as aligning staff skill sets to initiatives and goals and planning for departmental and individual growth. Although there is work involved in the hiring process, proper planning and evaluation of the need will lead to hiring the right person for the role and team. Develop Position Description A position description also referred to as a job description is the core of a successful recruitment process. From the job description, interview questions, interview evaluations and reference checks questions are developed. Develop Recruitment Plan Each position requires a documented Recruitment Plan which is approved by the organizational unit. A carefully structured recruitment plan maps out the strategy for attracting and hiring the best qualified candidate and helps to ensure an applicant pool which includes women and underrepresented groups including veterans and individuals with disabilities. Select Search Committee To ensure applicants selected for interview and final consideration are evaluated by more than one individual to minimize the potential for personal bias, a selection committee is formed. The hiring manager will identify members who will have direct and indirect interaction with the applicant in the course of their job. Each hiring manager should make an effort to appoint a search committee that represents a diverse cross section of the staff. A member of the committee will be appointed as the Affirmative Action and Compliance Liaison who will monitor the affirmative action aspects of the search committee. Post Position and Implement Recruitment Plan Once the position description has been completed, the position can then be posted to the UCR career site via the ATS. Every effort should be made to ensure the accuracy of the job description and posting text. It is not advisable and in some instances, not possible to change elements of a posted position. The reason for this has to do with the impact a given change may have on the applicant pool. Review Applicants and Develop Short List Once the position has been posted, candidates will apply via job board. Candidates will complete an electronic applicant for each position. Candidates will be considered Applicants or Expressions of Interest. Conduct Interview The interview is the single most important step in the selection process. It is the opportunity for the employer and prospective employee to learn more about each other and validate information provided by both. By following these interviewing guidelines, you will ensure you have conducted a thorough interview process and have all necessary data to properly evaluate skills and abilities. Training and Development Establishing Analysis This step identifies activities to justify an investment for training. The techniques necessary for the data collection are surveys, observations, interviews, and customer comment cards. Several examples of an analysis outlining specific training needs are customer dissatisfaction, low morale, low productivity, and high turnover. By determining training needs, an organization can decide what specific knowledge, skills, and attitudes are needed to improve the employees performance in accordance with the companys standards. The needs analysis is the starting point for all training. The primary objective of all training is to improve individual and organizational performance. Establishing a needs analysis is, and should always be the first step of the training process. Developing Training Program and Manuals Establishes the development of current job descriptions and standards and procedures. Job descriptions should be clear and concise and may serve as a major training tool for the identification of guidelines. Once the job description is completed, a complete list of standards and procedures should be established from each responsibility outlined in the job description. Deliver The Training Program This step is responsible for the instruction and delivery of the training program. Once you have designated your trainers, the training technique must be decided. One-on-one training, on-the-job training, group training, seminars, and workshops are the most popular methods. Before presenting a training session, make sure you have a tho rough understanding of the following characteristics of an effective trainer. The trainer should have:  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ A desire to teach the subject being taught.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ A working knowledge of the subject being taught.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ An ability to motivate participants to want to learn.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ A good sense of humor.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ A dynamic appearance and good posture.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ A strong passion for their topic.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ A strong compassion towards their participants.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Appropriate audio/visual equipment to enhance the training session. For a training program to be successful, the trainer should be conscious of several essential elements, including a controlled environment, good planning, and the use of various training methods, good communication skills, and trainee participation. Evaluate The Training Program this step will determine how effective and profitable your training pr ogram has been. Methods for evaluation are pre-and post- surveys of customer comments cards, the establishment of a cost or benefit analysis outlining your expenses and returns, and an increase in customer satisfaction and profits. The reason for an evaluation system is simple. The evaluation of training programs is without a doubt the most important step in the training process. It is this step that will indicate the effectiveness of both the training as well as the trainer. There are several obvious benefits for evaluating a training program. First, evaluations will provide feedback on the trainers performance, allowing them to improve themselves for future programs. Second, evaluations will indicate its cost-effectiveness. Third, evaluations are an efficient way to determine the overall effectiveness of the training program for the employees as well as the organization.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Contract of Employment is an agreement between an employer and employee and is the basis of the employment relationship.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ The employer has a right to give reasonable instructions to the employees for work at the job. These rights and obligations are called contractual terms. A contract of employment is made up of two types of contractual terms. These are:  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Expressed terms  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Implied terms Most employment contracts do not need to be in writing to be legally valid.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ A contract starts as soon as an offer of employment is accepted. Starting work proves that you accept the terms and conditions offered by the employer.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Most employees are legally entitled to a Written Statement of the main terms and conditions of employment within two calendar months of starting work. This should include details of things like pay, holidays and working hours.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ An existing contract of employment can be varied only with the agreement of both parties.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Some people might assume that a contract of employment consists of only those things that are set out in writing between an employer and an employee. Its true that many of the main issues, such as pay and holidays, are usually agreed in writing. Express contractual terms- Express terms in an employment contract are those that are explicitly agreed between employees and employers. Implied contractual terms- Implied terms in an employment contract are those which are not specifically agreed between the employer and employee. I chose express contractual because I can monitor amount of wages, including any overtime or bonus pay.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ hours of work, including overtime  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Holiday pay, including how much time off employees is entitled.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ sick pay  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ redundancy pay Because a contract will still exist even if there is nothing written down, anything which was said to employees by the employer ab out their rights, and anything which are agreed verbally, should be recorded. It is best to put a contract in writing it saves a lot of potential misunderstanding further down the line. Simple misunderstandings over what is or what is not in a contract can often be the main cause of employment tribunal claims. Methods of Compensation The key to managing performance through rewards is linking the desired performance with the appropriate reward.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Total compensation is the complete pay package for employees including all forms of money, benefits, services, and in kind payments  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Direct compensation refers to the actual salary rates paid to employees for the work they perform.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ System rewards are automatically given to all employees for merely being members of their organization. System rewards can be defined as being the basic wage rates.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Individual rewards are given to employees based on the qua lity and quantity of their performance. Performance related pay (PRP) is seen as an individual reward policy, where pay is rewarded in relation to the volume of output. PRP can cause divisions amongst workers, where employees become more worried about the fact that their colleagues are being paid more than them.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Growth rewards are received by employees for job innovation, learning and improvement. . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Holidays With Pay Act Business Essay" essay for you Create order

The Influences of Religion on Italy Essay examples

Italy Italy is an European country. Italian is its official language, and 93% of the population is native Italian speakers. Its ethnic background includes small clusters of German-Italians, French-Italians, Slovene-Italians, Albanian-Italians, and Greek-Italians. With various clusters of people come various beliefs in religion. Religion has influenced the culture, artists, and national treasures of Italy in various ways. Culture is one aspect of Italy that is highly influenced by religion. Religion was part of the state constitution. The people of Italy are Roman Catholic, Protestant, Jewish, and Muslim. The Muslim community is still continuing to grow. The Jews, Muslim, Orthodox, or Eastern Rite Catholics make up about 2% of the†¦show more content†¦March 19th is celebrated as the Feast of St. Joseph. It began in the Middle Ages when there was a drought in Sicily. The desperate people living there asked Joseph for rain in exchange for a huge meal in his honor. Of course, the rai ns came and the land was thriving again. In keeping their promise, the people prepared an enormous feast, beginning the tradition of the St. Joseph’s Table and giving food to the less fortunate. Today, many churches and organizations still host St. Joseph’s Tables, in which parishioners or members prepare and donate large amounts of food, all meat-less items. The Italians do believe in the supernatural. Many general supernatural beliefs of the Catholic Church are intertwined with older beliefs. An example is Sicily, in which, Arabic and Greek influences have blended with popular Spanish beliefs and been incorporated into Catholicism. They have beliefs in the evil eye, charms, spells, messages through dreams, and various other types of omens. They believed in witches with powers and anti-witches. Many of the beliefs have died out with the knowledge of the modern age. The people of the capital of Italy, Rome, do not believe in one single all-powerful god. 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Legal Drinking Age Should Be Raised free essay sample

The reason for that is; you know that not only 18 year olds drink, but already 15 year olds are drinking alcohol heavily, and that is the main problem. Raising the legal drinking age would only offend the almost adult teenagers (18 year old teenagers). Younger teens are always going to find a way to get alcohol in smaller shops, where the merchant only wants to get some money. If not so, an older friend can buy some alcohol for these kids, maybe brother, sister or even parents. However, there are some good reasons why the drinking age should be raised. This raise would probably aggrieve the not so heavy drinkers and make them not drink as much as they did before. It would lower the access for younger people to alcohol. If the government raises the legal drinking age, it sure will be a good start of fighting against drunk youth. I think that not all the teenagers are a problem, but only some of them, who don’t know the limits. We will write a custom essay sample on Legal Drinking Age Should Be Raised or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Most likely there are many responsible teenagers and the drinking age raise wouldn’t be fair to these people and the already adult ( 18 year olds ) teenagers.