The Holidays With Pay Act Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2324 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? It is a common problem in workplaces where different people speak different languages. Different regions in the world speak English, Spanish, French and other foreign languages. Persons should not lingo around employees that cannot speak their language because it causes confusions.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Diversity A guiding belief is put in place to hire a definite amount of people from different ethnic and cultural groups. This allocation is based on that the approach doesnt allow you to get the most out of workplace array. The diversity challenge is to embrace differences right to the root of the organization. Managers have to listen intimately to the ideas from people from different cultural, race and age groups.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Discrimination Some people would dare say an offensive slur in the workplace. Discrimination can wait in a more intimidating form that is unnoticed by managers. You have women and visible minorities there at your organization . Small businesses can disguise prejudice in the bud by providing support and equal opportunities to all employees. Promotions and pay decisions on objective criteria. Sales numbers or performance review statistics. Global Challenges Advances in Technology Advances in technology will likely impact on human resources on three separate insertions:  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Changes in efficiencies brought about at local institutions leading to the removal of some positions and creation of others.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ There will be an elimination of a number of secretarial and other low tech positions.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶There will be a dramatically increased need for health informatics specialists trained specifically to meet the intricate Information Communication Technology (ICT) needs of organizations.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶Generally there will be a shift that will occur within the healthcare industry toward positions requiring higher education and training and higher salarie s, which will be funded through cost savings made possible by reducing waste, repetition and costly medical errors. Human Resource Plan Job Analysis  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ A human resources planner must predict what kinds of jobs the company will need to fill in the future. This might include replacing employees who leave and finding employees to fill positions that dont yet exist in the organization. Job analysis ensures that human resource planners know the skills needed to fill these positions, when employees join the organization and also what kinds of qualifications, and personal qualities successful workers display. Macroeconomic Modeling  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Forecasters use computer macroeconomic modeling programs to predict future labor force needs. This type of program uses various financial indicators to determine how a labor force must grow or shrink in response to changes in the labor market. A program can or cant include psychoanalysis of past economic trends. Computerized Forecast  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ The determination of future employees needs by projecting organization sales, volume of production and personnel required to maintain the output using computers and software packages.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Human Resource Budget and Planning Analysis Legal Environment Equal employment opportunity cannot be denied any person because of his or her racial group or professed racial group.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Sex Discrimination  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Sexual harassment- Includes practices ranging from direct requests for sexual favors to workplace conditions that create an unfriendly atmosphere for persons of either gender. Sometimes including same sex harassment.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Pregnancy based discrimination-Pregnancy, childbirth, and related medical conditions must be treated in the same way as other provisional illnesses or conditions. The Employment (Equal Pay for Men and Women) Act  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Employers must pay men and women equally. If an employer has both male and female workers in substantially similar positions, he is not allowed to pay them any differently.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Employers also must keep records of payment so that they can prove that they have complied with the Employment Act The Minimum Wage Act This act created minimum wages for different professions. Each profession has its own base minimum wage. The wage changes with hours and with people whose income is a household income. This act created minimum wages for different professions. Each profession has its own base minimum wage. The wage changes with hours and with people whose income is a household income. Workers must also be paid more on holidays, Sundays and Good Friday .Workers must also be paid more on holidays, Sundays and Good Friday. Rest day- means in relation to a worker such day of the week as may be excluded from single time work in respect of a worker. Single time work- means work done duri ng any period not exceeding eight hours on any standard day. Forty hours in any one week of five standard days. The Holidays with Pay Act  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Holiday remuneration-the amount of remuneration payable to a worker during any holidays with pay to which he may be entitled under any order. Casual worker means any worker who is employed from day to day for the performance of a particular task which normally cannot be performed in less than one working day.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Workers earnings-the regular amounts paid by an employer to a worker in respect of the workers services, but do not include any amount paid in respect of overtime work or by way of bonus unless any payments by way of bonus form part of such regular amounts. Power to provide for holidays with pay, sick leave, gratuities and sick benefit in any occupation.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Subject to the provisions of this Act, the Minister may by order direct that workers, including casual workers, in any occupation shall be entitled to be allowed such holidays with pay, such sick leave with pay. Recruitment and Selection Process  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Identify Vacancy and Evaluate Need  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Develop Position Description  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Develop Recruitment Plan  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Select Search Committee  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Post Position and Implement Recruitment Plan  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Review Applicants and Develop Short List  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Conduct Interviews  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Select Hire  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Finalize Recruitment Identify Vacancy and Evaluate Need Recruitments provide opportunities to departments such as aligning staff skill sets to initiatives and goals and planning for departmental and individual growth. Although there is work involved in the hiring process, proper planning and evaluation of the need will lead to hiring the right person for the role and team. Develop Position Description A position description also referred to as a job description is the core of a successful recruitment process. From the job description, interview questions, interview evaluations and reference checks questions are developed. Develop Recruitment Plan Each position requires a documented Recruitment Plan which is approved by the organizational unit. A carefully structured recruitment plan maps out the strategy for attracting and hiring the best qualified candidate and helps to ensure an applicant pool which includes women and underrepresented groups including veterans and individuals with disabilities. Select Search Committee To ensure applicants selected for interview and final consideration are evaluated by more than one individual to minimize the potential for personal bias, a selection committee is formed. The hiring manager will identify members who will have direct and indirect interaction with the applicant in the course of their job. Each hiring manager should make an effort to appoint a search committee that represents a diverse cross section of the staff. A member of the committee will be appointed as the Affirmative Action and Compliance Liaison who will monitor the affirmative action aspects of the search committee. Post Position and Implement Recruitment Plan Once the position description has been completed, the position can then be posted to the UCR career site via the ATS. Every effort should be made to ensure the accuracy of the job description and posting text. It is not advisable and in some instances, not possible to change elements of a posted position. The reason for this has to do with the impact a given change may have on the applicant pool. Review Applicants and Develop Short List Once the position has been posted, candidates will apply via job board. Candidates will complete an electronic applicant for each position. Candidates will be considered Applicants or Expressions of Interest. Conduct Interview The interview is the single most important step in the selection process. It is the opportunity for the employer and prospective employee to learn more about each other and validate information provided by both. By following these interviewing guidelines, you will ensure you have conducted a thorough interview process and have all necessary data to properly evaluate skills and abilities. Training and Development Establishing Analysis This step identifies activities to justify an investment for training. The techniques necessary for the data collection are surveys, observations, interviews, and customer comment cards. Several examples of an analysis outlining specific training needs are customer dissatisfaction, low morale, low productivity, and high turnover. By determining training needs, an organization can decide what specific knowledge, skills, and attitudes are needed to improve the employees performance in accordance with the companys standards. The needs analysis is the starting point for all training. The primary objective of all training is to improve individual and organizational performance. Establishing a needs analysis is, and should always be the first step of the training process. Developing Training Program and Manuals Establishes the development of current job descriptions and standards and procedures. Job descriptions should be clear and concise and may serve as a major training tool for the identification of guidelines. Once the job description is completed, a complete list of standards and procedures should be established from each responsibility outlined in the job description. Deliver The Training Program This step is responsible for the instruction and delivery of the training program. Once you have designated your trainers, the training technique must be decided. One-on-one training, on-the-job training, group training, seminars, and workshops are the most popular methods. Before presenting a training session, make sure you have a tho rough understanding of the following characteristics of an effective trainer. The trainer should have:  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ A desire to teach the subject being taught.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ A working knowledge of the subject being taught.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ An ability to motivate participants to want to learn.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ A good sense of humor.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ A dynamic appearance and good posture.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ A strong passion for their topic.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ A strong compassion towards their participants.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Appropriate audio/visual equipment to enhance the training session. For a training program to be successful, the trainer should be conscious of several essential elements, including a controlled environment, good planning, and the use of various training methods, good communication skills, and trainee participation. Evaluate The Training Program this step will determine how effective and profitable your training pr ogram has been. Methods for evaluation are pre-and post- surveys of customer comments cards, the establishment of a cost or benefit analysis outlining your expenses and returns, and an increase in customer satisfaction and profits. The reason for an evaluation system is simple. The evaluation of training programs is without a doubt the most important step in the training process. It is this step that will indicate the effectiveness of both the training as well as the trainer. There are several obvious benefits for evaluating a training program. First, evaluations will provide feedback on the trainers performance, allowing them to improve themselves for future programs. Second, evaluations will indicate its cost-effectiveness. Third, evaluations are an efficient way to determine the overall effectiveness of the training program for the employees as well as the organization.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Contract of Employment is an agreement between an employer and employee and is the basis of the employment relationship.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ The employer has a right to give reasonable instructions to the employees for work at the job. These rights and obligations are called contractual terms. A contract of employment is made up of two types of contractual terms. These are:  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Expressed terms  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Implied terms Most employment contracts do not need to be in writing to be legally valid.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ A contract starts as soon as an offer of employment is accepted. Starting work proves that you accept the terms and conditions offered by the employer.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Most employees are legally entitled to a Written Statement of the main terms and conditions of employment within two calendar months of starting work. This should include details of things like pay, holidays and working hours.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ An existing contract of employment can be varied only with the agreement of both parties.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Some people might assume that a contract of employment consists of only those things that are set out in writing between an employer and an employee. Its true that many of the main issues, such as pay and holidays, are usually agreed in writing. Express contractual terms- Express terms in an employment contract are those that are explicitly agreed between employees and employers. Implied contractual terms- Implied terms in an employment contract are those which are not specifically agreed between the employer and employee. I chose express contractual because I can monitor amount of wages, including any overtime or bonus pay.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ hours of work, including overtime  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Holiday pay, including how much time off employees is entitled.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ sick pay  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ redundancy pay Because a contract will still exist even if there is nothing written down, anything which was said to employees by the employer ab out their rights, and anything which are agreed verbally, should be recorded. It is best to put a contract in writing it saves a lot of potential misunderstanding further down the line. Simple misunderstandings over what is or what is not in a contract can often be the main cause of employment tribunal claims. Methods of Compensation The key to managing performance through rewards is linking the desired performance with the appropriate reward.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Total compensation is the complete pay package for employees including all forms of money, benefits, services, and in kind payments  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Direct compensation refers to the actual salary rates paid to employees for the work they perform.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ System rewards are automatically given to all employees for merely being members of their organization. System rewards can be defined as being the basic wage rates.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Individual rewards are given to employees based on the qua lity and quantity of their performance. Performance related pay (PRP) is seen as an individual reward policy, where pay is rewarded in relation to the volume of output. PRP can cause divisions amongst workers, where employees become more worried about the fact that their colleagues are being paid more than them.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¶ Growth rewards are received by employees for job innovation, learning and improvement. . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Holidays With Pay Act Business Essay" essay for you Create order

The Influences of Religion on Italy Essay examples

Italy Italy is an European country. Italian is its official language, and 93% of the population is native Italian speakers. Its ethnic background includes small clusters of German-Italians, French-Italians, Slovene-Italians, Albanian-Italians, and Greek-Italians. With various clusters of people come various beliefs in religion. Religion has influenced the culture, artists, and national treasures of Italy in various ways. Culture is one aspect of Italy that is highly influenced by religion. Religion was part of the state constitution. The people of Italy are Roman Catholic, Protestant, Jewish, and Muslim. The Muslim community is still continuing to grow. The Jews, Muslim, Orthodox, or Eastern Rite Catholics make up about 2% of the†¦show more content†¦March 19th is celebrated as the Feast of St. Joseph. It began in the Middle Ages when there was a drought in Sicily. The desperate people living there asked Joseph for rain in exchange for a huge meal in his honor. Of course, the rai ns came and the land was thriving again. In keeping their promise, the people prepared an enormous feast, beginning the tradition of the St. Joseph’s Table and giving food to the less fortunate. Today, many churches and organizations still host St. Joseph’s Tables, in which parishioners or members prepare and donate large amounts of food, all meat-less items. The Italians do believe in the supernatural. Many general supernatural beliefs of the Catholic Church are intertwined with older beliefs. An example is Sicily, in which, Arabic and Greek influences have blended with popular Spanish beliefs and been incorporated into Catholicism. They have beliefs in the evil eye, charms, spells, messages through dreams, and various other types of omens. They believed in witches with powers and anti-witches. Many of the beliefs have died out with the knowledge of the modern age. The people of the capital of Italy, Rome, do not believe in one single all-powerful god. 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Legal Drinking Age Should Be Raised free essay sample

The reason for that is; you know that not only 18 year olds drink, but already 15 year olds are drinking alcohol heavily, and that is the main problem. Raising the legal drinking age would only offend the almost adult teenagers (18 year old teenagers). Younger teens are always going to find a way to get alcohol in smaller shops, where the merchant only wants to get some money. If not so, an older friend can buy some alcohol for these kids, maybe brother, sister or even parents. However, there are some good reasons why the drinking age should be raised. This raise would probably aggrieve the not so heavy drinkers and make them not drink as much as they did before. It would lower the access for younger people to alcohol. If the government raises the legal drinking age, it sure will be a good start of fighting against drunk youth. I think that not all the teenagers are a problem, but only some of them, who don’t know the limits. We will write a custom essay sample on Legal Drinking Age Should Be Raised or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Most likely there are many responsible teenagers and the drinking age raise wouldn’t be fair to these people and the already adult ( 18 year olds ) teenagers.

Physical Fitness in Aviation

Table of Contents Abstract Background Human Factors Importance of Physical Fitness Maintaining Fitness Conclusion References Abstract Movement is one of the most essential aspects of human life which help in driving the economy of nations. Unfortunately, gaps in human performance usually lead to mistakes which mostly end up in accidents. Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Physical Fitness in Aviation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Research has shown that physical fitness of a person reduces chances of a person getting sick since it improves the immune system of the body. Regular exercises have been proofed to increase stamina and body strength thus enabling a person to work for long without getting tired. On the same point, a physically fit person is able to avoid abdominal and back pains associated with sitting for long. In conjunction with that, sharpness of the mind increases when one engages in phys ical exercises regularly thus enabling the person to deal with critical situations effectively besides enhances being alert incase of any emergency. It is depicted that, physical fitness of the entire plane crew highly affects their actions and performance because of the close relationship between physical fitness and human factors in aviation. Since plane crew has little time to access exercise equipments, ways are suggested through which they can be creative and use what they can access in their places of destination to keep their bodies physically fit. Background Many plane accidents that occur today have been associated with the human mistake as opposed to mechanical failure of the craft. Pilots make mistakes of judgment either due to loss of concentration or lack of alertness which leads to the pilots being unable to respond quickly and efficiently when they are required to do so (Salas Maurino 2010). On top of that, the body functioning of a human being highly determines th e degree of responsiveness that the same person will exhibit in any given situation, and this in the end, determines the results that should be expected. While human beings most of the time like to work very much, overworking the body can lead to fatal outcomes which would have been prevented if proper attention was given to the body. Aviation is an aspect that highly depends on the judgment of the people on the crew and the pilot for any outcome therefore, necessitating the importance of one to be careful with the health state of their bodies (Stolzer, Halford Goglia 2010). The human factors which seem minute to some extent are very vital when it comes to aviation because they influence the decision making process of people on whose care the aircraft is entrusted. Advertising Looking for term paper on aviation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Besides, it has been noted that physical fitness has a far reaching impact on the h uman factors. If one does not have enough exercises for example, the probability of fatigue increases and this may hinder the degree of alertness of the person and this might be a cause of accidents (Rink, Hall Williams 2010). On top of that, it should be noted that the aviation crew does not engage in any active activity and they work for long hours in some cases making their bodies weak therefore their vulnerability to stress and tiredness increases. The correlation between accidents and human factors is therefore very high and many of these accidents can be prevented if attention is paid to human factors. In conjunction with that, the relationship between human factors in aviation and physical fitness of the people involved is very direct and these calls for quick address to help in controlling accidents (Salvendy 2012). Human Factors Human factors are defined as the process of relationship between human beings and the machines with which they work on, the interpersonal relatio nship amongst people, the way people interact with the environment and how they carry out procedures of their duties. It should be noted that, human behavior is also included in the human factors since to some extent it affects the performance of a person (Hoeger W. Hoeger S. 2011). Despite people being very health and perfectly trained, there occurs mistakes that sometimes cause financial losses as well as deaths and these mistakes can be traced back to gaps in human performance caused by otherwise preventable human errors. Furthermore, extreme workload has been known to adversely affect performance, while low levels of workload also encourage laziness meaning that the right amount of workload is essential for maximum output. The most important person in the airplane is the pilot and efforts have been made anciently to ensure that besides being very highly qualified, pilots receive regular training to ensure that they are at their best at all times. But it should be noted that t he airplane crew does not work each person in isolation rather they work as a group and therefore group performance also should be taken into consideration. This has generated interest in coming up with ways of incorporating the group relationships, teamwork and leadership as part of human factors during trainings to enhance cooperation and communication among crew members thus, enhancing efficiency and effectiveness (Salas Maurino 2010). Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Physical Fitness in Aviation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In coherent with that, an effective human factors management should be incorporated in the company processes like training, vacations, quality management and various investigations. This will ensure that at least every member of the company will have a chance of undergoing a refreshing course regularly. It is important to note that, human factors are influenced by several factor s which range from the environment that one is operating in to the physical body state of the person involved. Noise, heat, extreme cold and sometimes vibration are some of the environmental factors that increase the chances of human errors if one is exposed to the same. Unfortunately people have no power over some environmental factors because they are natural but their effects can be controlled by taking precautions in advance and training people on what steps to take incase they are faced with various environmental situations (Carayon 2011). On the same note, it is known that the body works in a systematic way and it does so depending on some factors like the day and night, food times, and other social aspects. Disturbances of the daily body routine affect the biological functioning of a human being making the body ineffective to some extent and this leads to the problems of misjudgment or fatigue. Physical fitness of a person is another determinant of how effective one can be and contributes largely to the human factors. A physically fit person is less likely to be stressed and thus, cause mistakes as compared to a person who does not engage in exercises. Importance of Physical Fitness A person who is physically fit is intellectually and physical ready to take up any task that is assigned to him and will have the energy to keep up with the requirements of the task at hand. On top of that, it has been noted that physical fitness does not only improve ones physical condition but also the mental and the health conditions. Actively involving one’s body in exercises improves the mind‘s ability to endure the daily stress that one goes through in the course of work. Additionally, regular physical exercises decrease the chances of having heart attacks, certain types of cancer, high blood pressure, diabetes and high cholesterol (Salvendy 2012). This increases the chances of the crew flying the entire flight without falling sick and not jeopardizing the lives of all the people on board. Advertising Looking for term paper on aviation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In conjunction with that, engaging in regular exercises has been proved to increase energy and strength making people more capable to carry out physical activities better. In this light, people involved in aviation should also exercise regularly to increase their energy and stamina therefore, allowing them to fly for long hours without feeling bored and fatigued. Furthermore, trying to loose weight by just dieting, is straining the body because the body loses water and muscles in the process thus weakening the body. On the contrary, physically fit person is able to loose weight without loosing water and thus, remain strong while at the same time decrease the amount of fats in the body. It is therefore healthier to loose weight by exercising regularly instead of trying to diet. On top of that, the plane crew most of the time is not involved in physically challenging activities and are therefore prone to gain weight and fats (Stolzer, Halford Goglia 2010). If this is left unchecked i t will lead to body weaknesses and some diseases that are associated with a lot of fats in the body thus, reducing the productivity of the crew besides reducing their readiness to taken on duties as and when they come especially emergencies. On the same note, people flying planes are mostly seated and this in the long run will lead to straining of the abdominal and back muscles. Regular exercises that are meant to improve physical fitness also help in strengthening the abdominal and back muscles thus, making the seating more enjoyable making the crew able to remain active throughout the flight without feeling back pains. Similarly, exercises have been known to improve the immune system of a person besides improving the brain functioning. Good immune system enable one to avoid diseases which otherwise would have reduced the effectiveness of the person (Carayon 2011). On the same note, by increasing the brain functioning exercises help to improve mind sharpness thus, a person can be alert incase of any emergency thus being able to handle the situation effectively besides reducing chances of dementia and Alzheimer’s diseases. It is important to note here that, regular exercises help in improving the sleeping habits of a person because it helps in the relaxing the muscles. People who engage regularly in exercises sleep continuously without waking up in the middle of the night which enables them to wake in the morning feeling fresh than those who do not exercise. This will work well for the plane crew who always are involved in long flights and therefore need a good rest whenever they have time to rest. In addition to that, during exercises some chemicals are released in the brain which helps in reduction of depression feelings, anger, anxiety and stress. These feelings are known to make people to be antisocial and moody as well as hindering good cooperation and fluent communication within the company. Therefore, for improved moods and interrelationships within the company, exercises play a great role and should be advocated for (Rink, Hall Williams 2010). The plane crew need to work as a group since everybody has a role in ensuring a smooth and successful flight and if people start working as individuals the success of the flight might be hampered. Moreover, happiness and output of a person increases when one is physically fit than when the body is unhealthy. This also improves the interactions of people with others in the work places and reduces the chances of people being angry because conflict resolutions become easy. Additionally, flexibility of a person improves when one exercises regularly and this is important especially for pilots whose coordination is required to be efficient during flights since they have to operate many things (Salvendy 2012). Pilot’s decisions during a flight depend on rational evaluation of the available alternatives and speed of acting giving safety maximum emphasis and it relies to a great er extent the ability of the pilot to take risks. On top of that, the attitude towards risk enables a pilot to assess risks that they may be facing as a flight and make decisions while they remain calm and collected. These characteristics are improved when one is involved regularly in exercises. Maintaining Fitness Before engaging in any activity, one has to determine the right amount of exercises that are healthy for the body. Crew members require a little bit engagement in exercises because they do not engage their bodies in active programs. Healthy management of the body is also very important for pilots who have long hours in job and only have minimal time off duty. Taking a walk in a layover hotel or using the resource available there and take good use of the hotel environment is a good idea because sometimes the hotels might not have equipments for exercises (Salas Maurino 2010). Although some hotels are situated in an environment that is not suitable for one to walk around, some may have stairways which can help in aerobics since one can take a walk on the stair cases. As much as exercises are good for the physical fitness of the body, some situations do not allow for outdoor exercises and crew members should avoid taking the risks of going out. Winter is very cold and chances of accidents occurring are high and this can involve the crew members thus, they should avoid going out. On top of that, it is advisable for the crew members who always get themselves in hotels that do not have training facilities to have their own training equipment so as to improve their chances of training. Unfortunately, when one carries around training equipment only light and portable equipment can help but when they are used properly they will along way to help. However, due to inability to know whether training facilities are available at the layover hotel that one may book during their days off, creativity is important as it helps in coming up with ways of using the av ailable facilities and resources to exercise (Carayon 2011). Conclusion Pilots and all crew members are involved in duties that require their body to be physically fit besides demanding that they be strong and remain active or else put all the people in the plane on risk of being involved in accidents. It is therefore important that physical fitness be observed as these highly influences the human factors that have been broadly depicted as the highest cause of accidents. More importantly, aviation companies should find a way of incorporating physical exercises in their programs such that their members can have a chance of exercising as this improves output besides reducing chances of accidents. References Carayon, P. (2011). Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics in Health Care and Patient Safety. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Hoeger, W. K., Hoeger, S. A. (2011). Principles and Labs for Physical Fitness. Stanford: Cengage Learning. Rink, J. E., Hall, T. J., Williams, L. H. (2010). Sch oolwide Physical Activity. Champaign: Human Kinetics. Salas, E., Maurino, D. E. (2010). Human Factors in Aviation. Waltham: Academic Press. Salvendy, G. (2012). Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics. Hoboken: John Wiley sons. Stolzer, A. J., Halford, C. D., Goglia, J. J. (2010). Safety Management Systems in Aviation. Farnham: Ashgate Publishers. This term paper on Physical Fitness in Aviation was written and submitted by user Makenzie U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

From Americanization to Globalization free essay sample

The USA, the country which had been an importer of influences has become in the twentieth century a major exporter of them. The whole world imports products and services from the USA. The majority of the worlds best known celebrities are from the LASS. In many areas of life, American popular tastes and attitudes have conquered the world. The United States became the first nation in history to build its way of life.Culturally, Americans are In between affective and neutral cultures In some ways hey are more open and in other ways they are more reserved. However, the Americans tend to show feelings more, they show how they feel quite openly when they are happy, or when they are angry. Over 60% would express anger openly In a work or formal situations. The USA is a big democratic country, where the way of life is fast, the food is fast, and thus, the trade mark features of America are the Statue of Liberty, McDonalds and Coca-Cola. We will write a custom essay sample on From Americanization to Globalization or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Most people spend their holiday In the USA, because its so bag and there are so many spectacular places to visit.Besides, the Americans go to the movies a lot. In the sass American movies filled the cinema screens of the world. Most were made In Hollywood. By the sass It had become the film-making capital of the world. Hollywood movies were made by large companies called studios. The men who ran these studios were businessmen and their main alma was to make as much money as possible. They soon found that one way to do this was to standardize their films. The actors were turned into stars. A famous star could make any movie a certain success, so the studios went to great legends to make their actors Into stars.They encouraged fan magazines The movies of the sass were silent. They spoke in pictures, not words, and so their language was international. All over the world, from Berlin to Tokyo, from London to Buenos Aries, tens of millions of people lined up every night of the week to see their favorite Hollywood stars and, without realizing, to be Americanizes. After the World War II the spreading of American influence was continued by a powerful new force television. In 1947 around 170000 American families had television sets flickering in their living rooms.Comedy, fiction, westerns all these were popular. Nowadays, the Americans watch a lot of TV there are hundreds of channels on 24 hours a day. By the sass filmed television programmer had become an important American export. Other countries found it cheaper to buy American television production than to make their own. Soon such exported programmer were being watched by viewers all over the world. Most TV shows were concerned with entertainment. The global appeal of big entertainment events is gained by reality shows, which combine the drama of life performance with interactive participation.One of such shows is American Idol celebrity matchbook affective 3MOL4h0HanbHb17 reserved Acceptances movies KM to standardize Catastrophically o line up Strict a cowpea;1 flickering Chattahoochee entertainment passionate interactive participation Homestretches Yeager The USA has had the enormous influence on popular music in the last hundred years. It all started with the blues. Things really began in a big way at the beginning of the twentieth century, when the blues developed from black folk music into popular music.George Gershwins Rhapsody in Blue, first performed in 1924, was very innovative and succeeded in being both serious and extremely popular. Blues singers like Bessie Smith were popular with both blacks and whites. It was also big business. The sass was known as the Jazz Age, and Jazz music was popularized by such great performers as the trumpet player Louis Armstrong, and late the Duke Elongating Orchestra and singer Ella Fitzgerald. Side by side with the blues was early country and western music, aimed at white audiences in the south. Songs in both styles shared the same themes poverty, homelessness and hardships.In music, the process of Americanization could be seen most clearly in the huge international popularity of rock. In the middle of the sass pop music returned to its black roots tit the rock-and-roll revolution. Rock began as a music that was first played in the American South and combined black blues with the country music of working class whites to produce a heavily rhythmic rocking sound that appealed especially to young people. Many of rock-and-roll first stars were black performers such as Chuck Berry and Little Richard. But the unchallenged king of rock-and-roll was a young southern white named Elvis Presley.The major exhibition of Elvis Presley personal belongings outside of the USA has been organized in Liverpool, the Auks Capital of Pop. A fascinating exhibition Fingerprints of Elvis brings you closer to the man who has been the biggest influence on popular music. At the Fingerprints of Elvis you can see many of the kings personal items including his 1976 Harley Davidson which he was actually riding two days before his death and his unique Gold Mercedes SELL, wonderful Stage Suits, Guitars and personal Jewelry as worn and owned by Elvis.His private collection of Deputy Sheriff badges, Elviss sporting paraphernalia and many more items including the actual set of Elvis fingerprints taken for his gun license application are also on show. To rock-and-roll enthusiasts, Presley came to symbolize a new culture of youth. After Elvis Presley, American music rapidly splintered into a variety of mixtures o f styles. For example, there was a revival in called folk-rock. Since then weve had hard rock, soft rock, country rock and even rock operas and musicals.By the sass rock-and-roll had blended with the protest songs of the sass to become rock, a harder music than rock-and-roll. However, rock became an international as well as American phenomenon, one that millions of younger people worldwide saw as their natural cultural language. A larger part of its appeal was that it symbolized opposition to officially approved ideas and standards even more strongly than its ancestor (rock-and-roll) had done in the sass. A phenomenon of the sass and sass was the musical.Composers wrote songs for Broadway theatres which were often adapted for Hollywood. A classical composer who turned his hand to musicals was Leonard Bernstein. Nowadays, Chicago is the most popular one. Music can be a powerful weapon. In 1966, a song Banana Boat Song recorded by a truck driver from Buffalo, New York, helped force a Dutch detailer, (the CEO of Royal Dutch Aloud, the largest supermarket chain in the Easter United States) to the negotiating table over a dispute with U.S. Workers. The song managed to pressure the company to sign a profitable contract. Many more well- known musicians are also working to raise consciousness of globalization. In 2003, a group of diverse stars including country singer Steve Earl, performed in thirteen U. S. Cities to expose the negative impacts of free trade and media concentration. Innovative Hoodoo, Hatchback, VIHHoaaL4h0HHb17 trumpet player Typify, cacao+catch fascinating exponentiationsDeputy Sheriff unholy;K Elijah+a paraphernalia _onshore Neglected, nonappearance;1 to splint vaccination revival exposure to blend Accentuate(CO) ancestor unpack phenomenon anyone negotiating table croon Neapolitan to pressure cablecast Anaheim consciousness of globalization channel rainfall_AVIVA diverse pa3H006pa3Hb17 to expose instant The Americanization of popular taste and habits was not restricted to entertainment. Not only did fast food and blue Jeans earn the popularity, but also supermarkets and skyscrapers. The first supermarkets appeared in the United States n the sass. They gave shoppers a much wider range of choices of foods and other consumer goods. They were the visible proof of the superiority of the American way of organizing a nations economic life. When supermarkets proved a commercial success in the USA they quickly spread to other prosperous countries, first in Europe and then in other parts of the world. So did another feature of American cities in appeared in Chicago in sass. One of the earliest examples of the skyscrapers in New York was Seagram Building, designed by Miss van deer Roe and Philip Johnnys architects working in the USA.By the sass skyscrapers became office and apartment buildings in cities all over the world. In the early sass there was a real craze for graffiti art, which was no longer found only in the subway and poor ghetto areas of the city as it used to be in the sass. Graffiti came back with hip-hop music. Hip-hop culture grew up in the black ghettos of big American cities in the early sass. When hip-hop music suddenly got to the top of the American music charts, hip-hop culture was spread, bringing graffiti with it. Hip-hop music is linked with rap, which is a style of talking/singing that is very popular.Today companies re starting to realize the appeal of graffiti in advertising. Keel Rodriguez, who used to spray New York subway trains, was the artist to design the Wall Street Journals website and it is obviously, done in graffiti-style. Another artist, Blade has his own website devoted only to the world of graffiti. This website has a merchandise page where Blade sells things with his own original designs all over the world. Leonardo McGuire, a street artist for 25 years, when from painting subway trains to designing and marketing graffiti-inspired clothes for young people, says: Graffiti has been a story of survival.Nowadays, it has the status of street art and you get graffiti in advertisements, on clothes, on toys. Other examples of street art are street musicians, known as buckers, live-statues people who stand motionless like a statue and pavement artists, chalking on pavements, often reproducing famous works of art. Visual artistry and street theatre have helped globalization activists reach new audiences and transformed demonstrations into festivals of colorful and creative expression. Art can be powerful.On the eve of a major protest against the World Bank in 2000, Washington, DC, police took actions and confiscated gigantic paper-mach puppets, including a massive smiling sun that had been constructed for the rally. Since 2000 a decentralized group of graphic artists and educators, the Maine-based Beehive Collective has designed and distributed 45000 educational posters on globalization and other issues through pollination tours on college campuses, high schools, at major demonstrations.The tapes and complementary comic books were produced by a U. S. Group Media for International Development. They have distributed 5000 tapes and 3000 comic books throughout the country. A lot of people have emigrated from Europe to the USA, looking for Jobs and career opportunities. As the USA has become a melting pot and cultures mix more and more, its necessary to become not only culturally sensitive and tolerant, but also to make English, the official language of the United States, the global language the language of international communication, peace talks and government negotiations. English is certainly a useful language to learn.

The eNotes Blog Ghostwriting Do ReadersCare

Ghostwriting Do ReadersCare It may not surprise you to learn that many celebrities do not write their own books. After all, they usually have neither the skill nor the time to do so. It may be more upsetting, however, to learn that books by more laudable figures are also penned by ghostwriters. According to literary agent Madeline Morel, â€Å"On the non-fiction best-seller list, 12 out of the 15 books listed probably have been ghostwritten.† A look at last week’s New York Times nonfiction best-seller list seems to uphold Morel’s assertion. Of the fifteen current top titles, three say they are written â€Å"with† someone else. Several others, like Dylan Ratigan’s Greedy Bastards, also seem likely candidates. The question is, does it matter to you whether or not the story you are reading is penned by its central figure? Is it all right if a person has a good story to tell but relies on someone else to do the actual writing? Perhaps the best solution is to do as several authors now do by confessing that they did not go it alone. Professional ghost writers defend their craft. They are not merely reporters or dictation machines, many will insist. Rather, they bring their skills to help someone express him- or herself in a way that will sound both interesting and polished. Professional ghostwriter  David Reisen  adds, â€Å"I don’t think that writing with somebody is necessarily milquetoast. I really want the human being to come through.† (You can hear more about ghostwriters and writing on PRI’s Studio 360  here.) What do you think? Do you care at all if a book is ghostwritten? We would like to hear your thoughts.

Living in McMinden Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Living in McMinden - Essay Example She complains about the rigidness of many of the social groups in her school and notices that there appears to be a divide between people of different socio-economic status. She also feels alienated due to her ethnicity. She describes being a part of one of the first Hispanic families in town. She complains that there is not much communication between the different groups. Jenny's comments are interesting as they bring together a large varieties of different types of alienation. Growing up can be hard to do in a general way, but Jenny is perceptively analyzing both class and ethnic differences in her school. In my own experience in high school I noticed people like Jenny and saw that they had a hard time. I did what I could to help them. I grew up in a small town like McMinden, a town that was changing, and can sympathize with her feelings about the negativity at school. Suzanne provides another perspective. She clearly cares about her children, but could perhaps be described as a So ccer Mom. She is clearly exhibiting signs of role expectation for her children. She wants her children to be like her father. The path to accomplish that goal is through school athletics. She doesn't speak about what her children want, only what she wants for them. It is clear that her heart is in the right place. She seems to be a product of a difficult life and is facing up to the challenge of being a divorced mother.

The Silk Road and its effects on the economic development of India, Essay

The Silk Road and its effects on the economic development of India, China, and Southeast Asia - Essay Example India, China, and Southeast Asia were central locations along the Silk Road. The trade route brought together a number of civilizations, with the common denominator of their interaction being the long distance trade between them. The trade locations that the Silk Road covered enhanced the history of every single party. Cultures were exchanged and the foundations of economic growth and development were laid. The various dynasties that existed, including but not limited to Western Han (206 BC–24 AD), Eastern Han (25–220), and Tang (618–907) among others influenced the pursuits of each civilization involved (Boulnois, 2005). China was a key player in the long distance trade that made up the Silk Road. With the Silk Road named after the primary trade product, China’s economy was undoubtedly heading for growth and development. The traded silk in this route came from China, among other traded goods at the time (Christian, 2000). The dominance of silk as a trade product in the Silk Road exacerbated the economic performance in China. Technologies were also exchanged; a scenario that best suited China’s economy. Contributing traders in this pursuit were the Indians, Bactrian, Sogdian traders between the 5th and 8th century CE, and later the Arabs and Persians (Waugh,

Jaguar Land Rover plc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Jaguar Land Rover plc - Essay Example JLR has managed to capture markets in North America, UK, Europe and China. JLR has a large sales and distribution network. Jaguar and Land Rover compete in 101 and 174 respectively. Its large distribution network comprises of 18 National Sales Companies, 61 export partners, 83 importers and 2,241 franchise dealers. (JAGUAR LAND ROVER PLC. 2011; BANERJEE, B. 2008) Financial Results: JLR Plc has shown improvement in its financial results over the years. In 2008 when it was acquired it was a loss making company, with the improvement in technology, cost cutting strategies, increased volume, product and market mix and favorable exchange movements Tata Motors has managed to make JLR Plc a profitable business for the group. In 2011, due to its expansion in new markets of China and Russia where demand of premium cars was high, helped improve the company’s performance. An increase in revenue- retail and wholesale both, earning before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA ) and net income have also been recorded in 2011 as compared to previous financial years due to efforts made in development of new products, entering new markets and resulting increase in volumes, decrease in costs and better working capital management. (JAGUAR LAND ROVER PLC. 2011; BANERJEE, B. ... Information could be required about ROI, RI, payback periods of a product etc. Mangers require financial information like revenue and costs to determine profit. In this analysis cost of goods sold is involved which is closely related to inventory management that is an important aspect of management’s work. In an automobile business like JLR inventory management and valuation (completed products and work in progress) is the key to success, holding large inventory increases cost or keeping less inventory results in stock outs, both effecting customers. (DRURY, C., & DRURY, C. 2005) On the other hand JLR managers need information to take routine decisions and also strategic long term decisions. Information is required relating to profitability to know which products to retain and which should be abandoned. Cost information is crucial aspect of the business too. Based on this information managers take decisions about company’s cost cutting strategies and enables them to com pete in highly competitive markets. (DRURY, C., & DRURY, C. 2005) Activity Based Costing: Cost information and its analysis is an important aspect of any business to gain a competitive edge over other business. The breakup of costs and easy, fairer allocation of costs incurred can provide a true picture about the profitability of the products. In automotive business like JR Plc, a large portion of costs are incurred in administrative activities which are difficult to apportion directly to the products. ABC can change the way organization measure their performance and view their performance. (ANDERSON, S. W., & YOUNG, S. M. 2001) Data collection and employee

Effects of Weather on Aircraft Accidents

Effects of Weather on Aircraft Accidents EFFECTS OF VISIBILITY ON AIRCRAFT MISHAPS IN NIGERIA Efe, S. I. Geography and Regional Planning Department Delta State University, Abraka. ABSTRACT This paper is an assessment of the effects of weather on aircraft mishaps in Nigeria. This was investigated with the aid of data collected from the Meteorological Service Office, Oshodi and the use of questionnaire. The data were analyzed with the aid of mean and multiple regression models. Results suggest that poor visibility (less than l000m) have a significant effect on aircraft mishaps in Nigeria, other casual factors of aircraft. Old age of the aircraft, lack of safe landing equipment amongst others factors of aircraft mishaps. INTRODUCTION There have been several cases of air transportation problems due to poor aviation weather at both international and national airports worldwide. For example, in U.S.A. the weather is responsible for about 33 percent of all aviation accidents while thunderstorms are the commonest cause of flight delays (26 percent). Also, unfavourable winds and wind shear are responsible for 19 percent of flight hold-ups (Hayward and Oguntoyinbo, 1987). But Critchfield (1966) and Smith (1975) have noted the effects of poor visibility on flight operation. For instance. Smith (1975) opined that despite the increasing sophistication of automatic landing equipment, poor visibility from fog and low cloud ceilings is probably the major impediment to air operation throughout the world. In Nigeria, there has been a series of aviation accidents related to poor weather. But the worst aviation fatality occurred in November 1973, when 183 people died in an air crash at Kano airport during the landing approaches o f a pilgrim flight from Jeddah as a thick dust haze persisted. Also Nigeria airways, suspended its flights for one week in January 1983, due to widespread dust haze, and was reported to have lost about 15 million U.S. dollars as a result (Adefolalu, 1984). Studies in this area have been neglected over the years, rather there are concentrations of studies on Harmattan dust haze as seen in the works of Biglestone (1958), Burns (1961), Ireland (1962), Samray (1974), Adefolalu (1968 and 1984); and Dear and Bokop (1996). Even the study by Adefolalu (1984) which appeared more recent in Nigeria only focused on the Bioclimatological aspect of Harmattan dust haze in Nigeria to the neglects of the effects of visibility on flight operations in Nigeria,. In fact, while vagaries of poor visibility on flight operation in Nigeria continued unabated, as highlighted in the Nigerian Guardian November 1996, December 1998 and the Comet February 2000. There are a dwindling number of studies in this area . The reason is not unconnected with the paucity of visibility data as well as inadequate records of flight accidents, delays and cancellations in most Nigerian airports and Meteorological services departments. Even when available, exorbitant fees for their purchase scare researchers away. Thus, there is dearth of information in this aspect of climatology. This study is therefore carried out in Nigeria that is located at the intersection of latitude 4 °N and 14 °N, and between longitude 3 °E and 15 °E. It is characterised with wet and dry season. However, in the coastal belt of Nigeria, wet season spans for 11 — 12 months. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY This study is aim at assessing the effects of visibility on aircraft mishaps and identifying other factors that causes aircraft mishaps in Nigeria and recommend ways of reducing aircraft mishaps in Nigeria. CONCEPT AND METHODOLOGY The study is based on the concept of visibility. Visibility is the highest distance an individual can see with an unaided Hayward and (Oguntoynibo, 1987). However, in the context of the aircraft operation, it is the highest distant a pilot can see on board (airborne) when taking off with the aid of an unaided eye. Visibility is said to be poor to aircraft operation, when it 100 metres and below (Efe, 1997). There are probably two main source areas for dust harmattan haze that precipitated in poor visibility in West Africa and Nigeria in particular. One is the plains between Bilma and Fays Largeau in Niger and Chad, where fine dust particles are fed to the area by seasonal streams from the Tibesti upland replenishing the dust that is stripped from the surface by the winds. The second originates west of the Ahaggar massif, Tonezrouft in Algeria. From the ‘former’ source is derived the haze that may extend across Nigeria (Hayward and Oguntoyinbo, 1987). It reaches the Niger ian border about 24 hours after leaving the Fays Largeau source Region (Burns, 1961). Reduction of horizontal visibility invariably marks the onset of a spell, which lasts up to 3 — 5 days (Adebayo, 1980). But some spells may persist for up to 10 days, when the adduction of dust is from a â€Å"line† rather than a â€Å"point† source. In such a situation, clearance of the haze may be delayed to an extent that the arrival of another dust spell is not obvious. Persistence of dust haze for more than two weeks may be classified as due to only one spell whereas it could have been due to overlapping spells. This pattern of occurrence is more conspicuous in the southern limits of the dust â€Å"front† which according to Adefolalu (1968), is a feature of Harmattan dust to the South of the Inter-Tropical Discontinuity (ITD). The in-flight observation on four trips between Kano and Lagos made by Adefolalu showed that the dust layer is shallower but thicker in the extreme north (where visibility is poorer) and coastal parts of Nigeria. But higher to t he south of the surface ITD where dynamic instability associated with the monsoon trough (Adefolalu, 1983), at about the 900mb level leads to rising motion which help to distribute the dust within a deeper layers. Over the greater part of Nigeria, however, especially north of the forest zone, the prevalence of mist, most noticeably in the dry season, cannot be explained with reference to atmospheric moisture. In fact, it is more accurate to refer to haze rather than mist, the former term being used to describe visibility impaired by presence of solid aerosols, not liquid. In West Africa, particularly during the pre-rains period, such aerosols may be contributed by bush fire (Crozat et al, 1978), but by far the greater proportion of atmospheric pollutants is dust from the north, associated with the harmattan. The influence of this dust-laden north — easterly airflow, reaches even the Guinea Coast in the period December to February. The data used for this study were extracted from the archives of the Accident Unit of Murtala Mohammed Airport, Ikeja, Lagos, (1987 — 1998) and the use of questionnaire. For this data collection, 1000 metres visibility upper limit is used as visibility induce for aircraft operation, the reason being that visibility higher than 1000 metres though affect aircraft operation, but its effect will not bring the desired delays, cancellation and accidents of aircraft in Nigeria. In Nigeria, there are a total of 14 airports, out of which the Murtala Mohammed Airport Ikeja formed the Central collating centre of aircraft accidents, delay and cancellation. This gave the impetus for the choice of the Ikeja Airport. Other reasons for the choice of Ikeja airport, and the years 1987 — 1998 include reliability, consistency; continuity of records and long range of data. For each year, the total daily, monthly and annual aircraft accident as well as those accidents that are weather relate d was scrutinized. The seasonal occurrence of aircraft accidents was adopted by dividing the months of the year into Wet (April-September) and Dry (October — March) seasons. A total of 14 questionnaires were administered to the 14 accident units of the 14 major airports in Nigeria. This was done to elicit information responses on the major causes of aircraft mishaps in Nigeria. One questionnaire each was therefore, posted to the 14 airports and same number was filled, returned and used for the study. The multiple regression analysis is used to determine the effects of poor visibility on aircraft mishaps, while line graph was used to depict the seasonal pattern of aircraft accidents in Nigeria. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS The result of aircraft accidents from 1987 — 1998 are presented and discussed below. From the table above, a total of 89 cases of aircraft accidents were reported, out of which 45 were weather related; and the total number of casualties were 498. During the period under investigation, the year 1988 recorded the highest rate of aircraft accidents of 14 cases, out of which 9 were caused by poor visibility. This was followed by 1992 (10 cases), 1990, 1991 and 1995 (9 cases each), 1998. (8 cases), 1989 (7 cases); and the lowest rates of accidents occurred in 1993 and 1977 (3 cases), poor visibility was the major causes of 2 cases in the year 1997. Over these years, poor visibility was known to be an inducement of these accidents as shown in the weather related column of table 1. In 1988, the 9 weather related cases of accident out of the 14 total cases reported. occurred during the dry season when the hamattan dust haze was said to be highest in the country. Fog, mist, rain, and strong winds are other weather factors that have contributed to the accident rates over the y ears. Most especially those that happened during the months of April — September, are as a result of foggy and misty weather that could sometimes reduce the visibility to 50m in the morning. For instance as a result of foggy and misty weather on June 26th and 11 July 1991; the Nigeria Airway â€Å"Airbus 310† and Ashaka Cement Cessna Citation 550† crash landed at Murtala Mohammed Airport Lagos, and Company Al — 1. Airport in Bauchi respectively. Causalities were said to be 4 and 261 respectively. This was the worst aviation mishap during the period of this study. It was gathered that 5 airports (Sokoto, Kano, Kaduna, Bauc1à ±, and Lagos) have reported cases of visibility — related accidents. This gives 36% percent of the 14 Nigerian airports. Sokoto recorded the highest accident records of 28 cases, while Lagos with 8 cases, recorded the lowest accidents during the period of study. Looking at the casualty trends, 1991 recorded the highest (267), this was followed by 1996 (168), 1995 (26), 1988 (14), 1993 (9) 1997 (7), 1998 (5), and 1989and 1992 (1 each) being the lowest. However, no casualty was recorded in 1990 and 1993 though there were reported cases of 9 and 3 aircraft accidents. The ADC B727 airline that crashed into the Ejinrim water on November 6, 1996, claiming the lives of 146 passengers and crew recorded the second worst casualties during this period. Experts say fears of blackmail or sanction; poverty and fear of being accused of trying to sabotage the airline and government are part of causes of such dare devil attempts that propel a pilot to fly an aircraft when he knows it is unsafe to do so. Other factors that led to these high accidents rate include mechanical problems pilot errors, faulty landing facilities in our airports; absence of floodlights; and unreliable air control facilities. In fact the control system is so poor that sometimes pilot have to communicate (relate) to each other on weather (visibility and wind speed) situation instead of using the control tower. The result of the correlation analysis model showed that there is a high relationship between poor visibility and aircraft accident reported during these period of study. This is evident from a calculated value of 0.85 (72%) and critical table value of 0.51 at 0.01 Confidence level. Hence one can now say that poor visibility did not only inhibit aircraft operation, but has resulted in most of the aircraft accidents recorded in Nigeria as shown from the 72% explanation of the correlation. While the rest 28% is accounted for by human errors; and unreliable air control facilities and Mechanical problems. Figure 1 depicts the Seasonal Occurrence of aircraft accident from 1987 — 1998. While there were double maximum of aircraft accident occurrence (13) in the month of April and September there is no accident recorded in the month of May. The concentration of fog and mist in the lower surface during the morning hours, in July — September, at times reduces visibility to 50m in Bight of Guinea and Coastal areas (Hayward and Oguntoyinbo, 1987), Human errors form the explanation to the highest accident recorded in the season. However the concentrations of aircraft accidents are more in the dry season (October — March). This is evident in 9, 7, 6, 8, 9 and 5 recorded during this season. In fact while there is virtually no month during the dry season that has less than 5 cases of accidents, there is in the wet season (April — September). This is evident in 13, 0, 4, 6, 9, and 13, recorded during this season. The highest cases of 13 occurrences of aircraft accidents were in the month of September. It is attributed to poor visibility related to heavy rainfall. Causes of Aircraft mishaps in Nigeria Table 2 shows the number of responses to the major causes of aircraft mishaps in Nigeria. Out of the 14 respondents interviewed, all the respondents indicated that poor visibility is a regular cause of aircraft mishaps in Nigeria. This indicates 100% of the respondent. Thus, this is a conformation of the earlier result which show that poor visibility have a significant effects on aircraft accident in Nigeria other factors in decreasing order of responses areas. Lack of regular maintenance (12 respondents); old age of the aircraft (10 respondents); lack of safe landing equipment (9 respondents); human errors (6 respondents) improper reporting system (5 respondents) and fear of blackmail (4 respondents) this showed that all these factor are the major factors that causes aircraft’s mishaps. The result of the multiple regression analysis shows that poor visibility induced 72% of aircraft mishaps in Nigeria. The effects of poor visibility on each of the 5 airports however show that the highest effect was at Sokoto airport with calculated r-value of 0.68, and thus representing 47%. Banchi Kano, Kanduna and Lagos airports, with r-values of 0.67. 0.49 and 0.48, followed this respectively. These shows that poor visibility has exerted 45%, 37%. 24% and 23% effects on the prevalence of aircraft mishaps at Banchi, Kano, Kaduna and Lagos airports respectively. However, summary of ANOVA from the multiple regression analysis shows that poor visibility has strong significant effects on aircraft mishaps in Nigeria during the period of study. This is evident from a calculated F value 4.98 that is greater than the critical table value of 4.39, with 5 under 6 degree of freedom at 0.05 significant level (see table 3). CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION The study revealed that poor visibility has significant effect on aircraft mishaps in Nigeria over the period of study. Apart from poor visibility, other causal factors of aircraft mishaps identified are lack of regular maintenance, old age of aircraft, lack of safe landing equipment, human errors, improper reporting system and fear of blackmail of the pilot. Viewing the monumental loses from aircraft accidents; accident prevention should be a goal sought by everyone in the aviation industry, as well as by the government. The Meteorological Services Department of the Federal Ministry of Aviation should continue to recognise the enormous impact of weather on flying operation, particularly civil and general aviation, and provide services tailored to meet the specific needs of this important part of the aviation sector. Increasing reliance should be placed on automated systems, as opposed to face-to-face briefing services, to deliver meteorological information for flight planning and pilot documentation. It is also essential that up-to-date training and educational material be made available to enable pilots to enhance their knowledge and understanding of aeronautical meteorology and aeronautical meteorological services, so that they can use that information to fly safely and efficiently. Government should encourage the aviation industry by creating an effective incident-reporting programme. This is done by having reporting systems both at the local (i.e. airline, air traffic facility etc.) and national levels, with the local sources forwarding information to the national system. For a more co-ordinated level of operating the Nigerian National Voluntary Incident Reporting System (NNVIRS) should share information at a global level. The modern instrument landing system (ILS) should be installed in major airports in Nigeria. The 19 new Distance Measuring Equipment (DME), very high Omni-directional radio range (VOR) on Doppler VOR and locator Beacons installed at two run ways of the Lagos airports should also be installed at all Nigerian domestic and International airports to boost domestic and international flights. Also, routine maintenance of aircraft should be carried out as and when due. Accidents hardly ever happen without warning. The combination or sequence of failure and mistakes that causes an accident may indeed be unique, but the individual failure and mistake rarely are. Hence poor visibility was identified as a major casual factor that was responsible for the above aircraft accidents in Nigeria. Other contributing factors include; Human error, absence of safe landing equipment, fear of blackmail and lack of regular maintenance of aircraft before they embark on any journey or flight. Finally, it is recommended that accident prevention should be the responsibility of everyone in the aviation industry. REFERENCES Adebayo. S. 1. (1980): Pronounced Dust haze Spell Over Nigeria, 2-11 March, 1971 Pre-WAMEX Symposium. Lagos, 270— 300. Adefolalu, D, 0. (1968): Two Case Studies of the Vertical Distribution of Dust during occurrence of Harmattan Haze over Nigeria. Technical Notes No 21, Met. Department, Lagos, Nigeria, 13 pp. Adefolalu, D, 0. (1983): Weather Forecasting and the Role of Scale hizteraction in West Africa. Arch. Met. Geoph. Bioci. Ser. A32, 103— 117 pp. Adefolalu, D, 0. (1984): On Bio-climatological Aspects of Harmatlan Dust haze in Nigeria. Arch. Met. Geoph. Bioci. Ser. B 33 387 — 404pp. Biglestone, H.J. (1958): Harmattan Haze At Kano British West African Meteorological Services Technical Note. No. 10. Burns, F. (1961): Dust Haze in Relation to Pressure Gradients. Technical Note, No. 11. Nig. Met. Department. 5p. Critchfield, H.J. (1966): General Climatology (2’’ ed.) Prentice — Hall Inc. New Jersey. 420p. Crozat, C. Domergue, J.I. Bandet, J. and Bogui, V. (1978): Influence des Feux de Brousse stir la Compition Chmique des aerosols Atmospheriques en Afrique de l’ouest. Atmos. Envir. 12, 1917 — 20. Dear, J. and Bokor, L. (1996): Meteorological Support to General aviation W.M.O. Bulletin vol. 45, No.2, 151— 156 pp. Efe, S.I. (1997): Analysis of cloud covers over South Western Nigeria. M.Sc. Dissertation in the Department of Geography, University of Ibadan. 1 — 50 pp. Hayward, D. and Oguntoyinbo, J. (1987): Climatology of West African. Hutchrison, London 78 — 81 pp. Ireland, A.W. (1962): Incidence of Harinattan Air at the Surface iii Lagos Area. Tech. Note. Nig. Met. Services. Sarnways, J. (1975): A Synoptic Account of an Occurrence of Dense Harmattan Dust at Kano in February 1974. Savana. Vol. 4, No. 2 187-190.

Upton Sinclair :: essays research papers

	At the turn of the century America was in the face of economic downfall. Laissez Faire Industrialism had been in place and citizens were at the disposal of big business. Poor working conditions and poverty were the norm in a time where Socialism was an irrelevant ideology. Big business was making the government rich. But according to Upton Sinclair and his "Conditions at the Slaughterhouse," unsafe and repulsive sanitary conditions were at play, putting thousands of carnivorous Americans and factory workers in danger of death, disease and poverty. Although America had expanded to be the most rapidly industrious nation in the world, few agree that it was worth the expense of its populous' health and well being. 	Upton Sinclair was among a swarm of Muckrakers that erupted during American industrialism. He was among many journalists to expose the wrongs of society and propose ways to fix it. But few muckrakers took their stories as deeply as Sinclair. His depiction of the terrible sanitary conditions at one specific meat packing plant in Chicago touched the publics stomachs rather that their hearts. Although he certainly wanted to give the public a view from the inside, public uproar was his among lesser expectation. The details regarding the unsanitary and disgusting conditions in meat packing factories appear to be background details of a much larger picture. Sinclair's main fight in his "Conditions at the Slaughterhouse" was to bring about the ideology of Socialism and how government needed to step in and take control. 	The grotesque ways in which the meat was being processed in these plants also relates to the ways in which workers were being treated as well. People working in these plants were about as valuable to the owners as the individual pigs themselves. Although they were not necessarily slaves, they were often foreigners and unskilled workers who had no choice but to work for low wages under poor living conditions. Most of these people lived in the plants themselves or in small tenant housings nearby. The beaten workers in the plants found it hard to work in such deprivation and to them their only way to continue living was to drink their problems away. For alcohol seemed to be their only form of enjoyment. 	 	Americans of the 19th century were supposedly granted freedoms to live and work to provide a family and live the American dream with prosperity and happiness. Upton Sinclair :: essays research papers 	At the turn of the century America was in the face of economic downfall. Laissez Faire Industrialism had been in place and citizens were at the disposal of big business. Poor working conditions and poverty were the norm in a time where Socialism was an irrelevant ideology. Big business was making the government rich. But according to Upton Sinclair and his "Conditions at the Slaughterhouse," unsafe and repulsive sanitary conditions were at play, putting thousands of carnivorous Americans and factory workers in danger of death, disease and poverty. Although America had expanded to be the most rapidly industrious nation in the world, few agree that it was worth the expense of its populous' health and well being. 	Upton Sinclair was among a swarm of Muckrakers that erupted during American industrialism. He was among many journalists to expose the wrongs of society and propose ways to fix it. But few muckrakers took their stories as deeply as Sinclair. His depiction of the terrible sanitary conditions at one specific meat packing plant in Chicago touched the publics stomachs rather that their hearts. Although he certainly wanted to give the public a view from the inside, public uproar was his among lesser expectation. The details regarding the unsanitary and disgusting conditions in meat packing factories appear to be background details of a much larger picture. Sinclair's main fight in his "Conditions at the Slaughterhouse" was to bring about the ideology of Socialism and how government needed to step in and take control. 	The grotesque ways in which the meat was being processed in these plants also relates to the ways in which workers were being treated as well. People working in these plants were about as valuable to the owners as the individual pigs themselves. Although they were not necessarily slaves, they were often foreigners and unskilled workers who had no choice but to work for low wages under poor living conditions. Most of these people lived in the plants themselves or in small tenant housings nearby. The beaten workers in the plants found it hard to work in such deprivation and to them their only way to continue living was to drink their problems away. For alcohol seemed to be their only form of enjoyment. 	 	Americans of the 19th century were supposedly granted freedoms to live and work to provide a family and live the American dream with prosperity and happiness.

Internal And External Stakeholder Analysis Essay

Non -profit organization- an organization that is tax free and that serves the public interest. Their purposes are charitable, educational, scientific, religious or literary. Public expects to donate and their donations be deducted from their federal taxes. A legally non -profit org does not declare any profit and instead utilizing all the resources and revenue for its operating expenses. International Humanitarian City (IHC) Established in 2003 by HH Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Vice-President and Prime Minister of the UAE and Ruler of Dubai, the International Humanitarian City (IHC) has grown to become the world’s largest and busiest logistics hub for humanitarian aid with nine UN agencies and nearly 50 NGOs and commercial entities as members. Its expertise is in transport and logistics to work hand in hand with aid agencies on helping the victims of crises and families whose lives are scarred by poverty. IHC capabilities for delivering help is eight hours by air to two thirds of the world population some of the worst humanitarian crises that includes tsunami in Southeast Asia, recurring drought of Africa, Civil unrest in Afghanistan and Darfur and the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. IHC also has been engaged on emergency responses to Syria and Philippines Characteristics of Nonprofit Organization: Passion for Mission ( values Driven) – creativity, energy and dedication for the work Atmosphere of Scarcity – Shortage of resources, underdeveloped infrastructure may exist execution walls. Bias toward informality, participation and consensus- Dual bottom lines; Financial and Mission Program outcomes are difficult to assess Governing boards has both oversight and supporting roles Mixed skill level of staff Participation of volunteers Public Sector- Composed of organization that are owned and operated by the government. Includes Federal, provincial, state, or municipal governments, depending on where you live. RTA( Road and transport Authority) a public sector organization responsible for transport network in UAE, a versatile entity mandated to manage marine roads , metro and public transport through sub agencies. 5 basic Characteristics of public sector State Ownership: Owned by the state. It could be in the nature of Central, State or local government ownership or any instrumentality of the state too can have the ownership of public enterprise. Controlled by the state Its operation and administration controlled by government. The Government has the direct responsibility to manage the affairs of the enterprise through various devices and exercises control over it by means of a number of agencies and techniques. Public Responsibility: Public Enterprises owe accountability to people as they are funded through public money. This accountability is realized through legislature and its committees, ministers, audit institutions and other specialized agencies. Independence: Public Enterprises function with highest independence under given situations. They are free from day to day interference in their affairs and management. Coverage The public enterprise negotiates all areas and activities. There is hardly any field of activity, which is not covered by the operations of public enterprises. Stakeholder- a person, group of organizations that has interest or affect the organization or with reasonable interest to a given situation or enterprise Stakeholder Analysis- tools to identify the needs and concern of various stakeholders. It is a useful tool for; Gaining understanding and building harmony Communicating the benefits of a proposed project Building strong inclusive campaigns that involve the public Benefits; common problems that can be solves using analysis. Unnecessary focus on analytical tools Issues are too large of complex for decision makers The scope of study is too large Some stakeholder are left out There is no local ownership There is no commitment for implementation. Kinds of stakeholder; Primary stakeholder- direct beneficiaries and direct concerned person Secondary stakeholder- mediators in the process of delivering aid to primary stakeholder Opposition Stakeholder- those who have the capacity to affect outcomes unfavorably through the resources and influence they command. It is crucial to engage them in open dialogue Marginal stakeholder- such as women, indigenous people, and other needy groups Key stakeholder- have significant influence upon or importance within the organization. Stakeholder Analysis Process; Identify and man internal and external stakeholder Assess the nature of each stakeholders influence and importance Construct a matrix to identify stakeholder influence and importance Monitor and mange stakeholder relationship. Two type of stake holder; Direct stakeholder – directly connected to the organization Intermediary- who represent others Importance of stakeholder Support the overall movement of the organization which involves providing quality service e.g medical assistance, recovery missions and distributing  relief goods to affected areas. Influence the Non- profit organization- provides the opportunity to organization to share its goals and objective to join to other organizations which has the same missions and purpose. Clients and Volunteers – Free publicity from the clients who receive quality service from the organization and tell its story publicly, or shared it to their co- workers, friends and or can be featured to any media advertisement to support the cause and ask for funding. Identifying Stakeholder; Brainstorming-one way of identifying the stakeholder.Analyzing or making a list of stakeholder or even the type of stakeholder. Mapping-a usefull way of unlocking creativity and helping the ideas to flow. A diagram that shows a map or even a software that can use to map its stakeholder Stakeholder list- general list of stakeholder are the starting point to identify them. Doesn’t include many specialists in the industry or industry specific job titles. Previous projects- documentation from previous projects and communicating the projects team who is involve on the particular project or a particular client. Organization charts and directories- Company organization or directory also can help to identify a particular stakeholder. Reviewing the Social network sites, like LinkedIn advance people search to look for company stakeholder, industry, job title and seniority. OGC Stakeholder categories- finding it hard to find a potential stakeholder company can do the categorization process. Below is the category can use for identification; User/beneficiaries Governance Influencer ( trade unions, media ) Providers ( supplier, partners) Below diagram is a stakeholder mapping; Internal Stakeholder; ( IHC-non- profit Organization) Board Members Staff members/employees- the one who has direct interaction and involved  during the crisis. One of the most important stakeholder on the organization, initiates activities of IHC consequently, concentrating on IHC mission and vision. Volunteers- individuals who are willing to help, lend a hand during the crisis Donors / Fund raiser– an individual or association that contributes in terms of kinds, monetary during crisis. Former member of the organization are still one to consider, provided they are still active in promoting it. Publicity- a person that may be an instrument for public awareness regarding the organizations existence. Fund raiser- a person who is involved for collecting funds from any group or individual who is willing to give their part. A fund raiser can collect through media and other concert for a cause. External Stake holder (IHC-Non- profit organization) Employers or politicians that create legislation encouraging the hiring of ex-addict. Suppliers of like foods and clothing to be distributed to the affected area they can take advantage of the event like selling other goods to other distributor on the market. Governmental bodies/civil society- a non- governmental society working in the field of exclusion. Competitors- Who has the same structure of business Media- TV, newspaper , TV channels Environment – place where humanitarian city is built, should have a friendly neighborhood, safety for the victims, stress free. Internal stakeholder ( RTA) Customer/Travelers- individuals who are rail users , who are experiencing the benefits Employees- who has direct interaction with the commuters Guards- Who assures safety of any travelers/ tourist, executed rules and regulations , Maintenance- who maintain the technical and mechanical problem of the RTA Cleaners- individuals who are responsible for cleaning the area including toilets, labatories and prayer rooms. Convenience store and other kiosk that are found on the station External Stakeholder (RTA) Governments- a group that executed/implements rules and regulation. State/federal agencies. Government agencies often devise and issue regulations and reporting requirements, and can sometimes make or break an effort by how they choose to regulate and how vigorously they enforce their regulations. Policy makers. Peoples or groups often have no official power – they may be â€Å"advisers† to those with real power – but their opinions and ideas are often followed closely. If they’re on your side, that’s a big plus. Media- commuters awareness (rates , maps and direction,) TV, Radio, Newspaper and magazine.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) Essays

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) Essays Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) Paper Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) Paper Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ( abbreviated as ELISA ) , is a sort of immunochemical assay technique to observe the presence of a specific antibody or antigen in the trial samples. This method chiefly make usage of both immunological reaction ( the antibody-antigen reaction ) to observe the nowadays of specific antibody or antigen ) and biochemical reaction ( the enzyme substrate reaction ) to bring forth a seeable signal for both qualitative and quantitative measuring. The ELISA method used in this experiment is an illustration of indirect ELISA method. The ELISA home base Wellss are coated with optimized concentration of antigens before manus by agencies of charge interaction or with the aid of a spacer coating ( eg. L-lysine ) . Then the home base Wellss are washed with buffer solution, and a blocking measure is preformed by adding bovine serum albumen or casein, to barricade any uncoated infinite in the well before utilizing to observe antibodies in sample serum. Then the sample serum is added to observe the nowadays of specific antibody, the antibodies will adhere to the antigens in the well ( in this experiment is the anti-DNA antibody ) . Then a secondary antibody ( normally raised from a species against the antibody of the sample ) with enzyme-linked ( called conjugate ) was added to adhere. The enzyme used may be Alkaline phosphate or Horseradish peroxidase ( in this experiment is Alkaline phosphate ) ; this besides serve as signal elaboration measure as the enzymes conjugate chose used normally have more than one binding sites for the substrate added later. Then a substrate is added for the enzyme to bring forth a colour reaction ( in this experiment is the PNPP which produce a xanthous colour ) to bespeak the nowadays of the specific antibody in the sample. The higher the concentration of the antibody in the trial sample, the stronger the colour developed. We can utilize a spectrometer ( an ELISA reader in this experiment ) to mensurate the colour quantitatively alternatively of utilizing our oculus, which is more nonsubjective and accurate. Washing with buffer ( normally a mild detergent ) is applied between stairss to take unbind antibodies to avoid non-specific binding of antibodies. Normally positive and negative controls will be paralleled tally with the trial sample to formalize the consequence. The cut-off point between a positive or negative consequence is normally determined statistically with known criterions. In add-ons, with a consecutive dilution of a known criterion ( known concentration of the specific antibody want to observe in the trial ) , we can besides happen the sum of the specific antibody in the trial sample from the graph of optical density against concentration of the known criterion. Therefore, the ELISA method can bring forth both qualitative and quantitative consequence in observing the specific antibody in trial sample. ELISA is a comparatively high sensitive and specific trial for observing serum protein, the presence of specific antibody or antigen ; and besides considers as a high-throughput immunochemical assay. The usage of ELISA besides includes endocrines and infective antigens ( including virus and bacterium ) . The most common illustration is observing HIV in patient samples. In add-on, it has the advantage of utilizing non-radioactive substances, is safer than those radio-immunoassays. Other ELISA methods: Sandwich ELISA ( or direct ELISA ) is used to observe antigen in sample serum, is less-common. With known measure of gaining control antibodies coated to the well, the antigens in the sample will adhere to the antibodies to organize complex. Then enzyme-linked primary antibodies will be applied to observe the nowadays of the antigens. Competition ELISA is a different method from the indirect and sandwich ELISA, in which the kit contains enzyme-linked antigen instead than enzyme-linked antibody. The labelled antigen will vie with the antigen in the sample for the antibody adhering sites in the well. Therefore, more antigens in the sample will give weaker signal as less labelled antigen can adhere to the antibody adhering sites in the well. The advantage of this method is can be used to observe antigen in impure samples. Change by reversal ELISA is a new engineering utilizing immunosorbent polystyrene rod with stick outing nose cones. This ogives will dunk into the sample, therefore a higher sample volume can be used to better the sensitiveness. Furthermore, the nose cones can be sensitized with different reagent to observe different antibodies or antigens at the same time for multi-target checks.