From Americanization to Globalization free essay sample

The USA, the country which had been an importer of influences has become in the twentieth century a major exporter of them. The whole world imports products and services from the USA. The majority of the worlds best known celebrities are from the LASS. In many areas of life, American popular tastes and attitudes have conquered the world. The United States became the first nation in history to build its way of life.Culturally, Americans are In between affective and neutral cultures In some ways hey are more open and in other ways they are more reserved. However, the Americans tend to show feelings more, they show how they feel quite openly when they are happy, or when they are angry. Over 60% would express anger openly In a work or formal situations. The USA is a big democratic country, where the way of life is fast, the food is fast, and thus, the trade mark features of America are the Statue of Liberty, McDonalds and Coca-Cola. We will write a custom essay sample on From Americanization to Globalization or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Most people spend their holiday In the USA, because its so bag and there are so many spectacular places to visit.Besides, the Americans go to the movies a lot. In the sass American movies filled the cinema screens of the world. Most were made In Hollywood. By the sass It had become the film-making capital of the world. Hollywood movies were made by large companies called studios. The men who ran these studios were businessmen and their main alma was to make as much money as possible. They soon found that one way to do this was to standardize their films. The actors were turned into stars. A famous star could make any movie a certain success, so the studios went to great legends to make their actors Into stars.They encouraged fan magazines The movies of the sass were silent. They spoke in pictures, not words, and so their language was international. All over the world, from Berlin to Tokyo, from London to Buenos Aries, tens of millions of people lined up every night of the week to see their favorite Hollywood stars and, without realizing, to be Americanizes. After the World War II the spreading of American influence was continued by a powerful new force television. In 1947 around 170000 American families had television sets flickering in their living rooms.Comedy, fiction, westerns all these were popular. Nowadays, the Americans watch a lot of TV there are hundreds of channels on 24 hours a day. By the sass filmed television programmer had become an important American export. Other countries found it cheaper to buy American television production than to make their own. Soon such exported programmer were being watched by viewers all over the world. Most TV shows were concerned with entertainment. The global appeal of big entertainment events is gained by reality shows, which combine the drama of life performance with interactive participation.One of such shows is American Idol celebrity matchbook affective 3MOL4h0HanbHb17 reserved Acceptances movies KM to standardize Catastrophically o line up Strict a cowpea;1 flickering Chattahoochee entertainment passionate interactive participation Homestretches Yeager The USA has had the enormous influence on popular music in the last hundred years. It all started with the blues. Things really began in a big way at the beginning of the twentieth century, when the blues developed from black folk music into popular music.George Gershwins Rhapsody in Blue, first performed in 1924, was very innovative and succeeded in being both serious and extremely popular. Blues singers like Bessie Smith were popular with both blacks and whites. It was also big business. The sass was known as the Jazz Age, and Jazz music was popularized by such great performers as the trumpet player Louis Armstrong, and late the Duke Elongating Orchestra and singer Ella Fitzgerald. Side by side with the blues was early country and western music, aimed at white audiences in the south. Songs in both styles shared the same themes poverty, homelessness and hardships.In music, the process of Americanization could be seen most clearly in the huge international popularity of rock. In the middle of the sass pop music returned to its black roots tit the rock-and-roll revolution. Rock began as a music that was first played in the American South and combined black blues with the country music of working class whites to produce a heavily rhythmic rocking sound that appealed especially to young people. Many of rock-and-roll first stars were black performers such as Chuck Berry and Little Richard. But the unchallenged king of rock-and-roll was a young southern white named Elvis Presley.The major exhibition of Elvis Presley personal belongings outside of the USA has been organized in Liverpool, the Auks Capital of Pop. A fascinating exhibition Fingerprints of Elvis brings you closer to the man who has been the biggest influence on popular music. At the Fingerprints of Elvis you can see many of the kings personal items including his 1976 Harley Davidson which he was actually riding two days before his death and his unique Gold Mercedes SELL, wonderful Stage Suits, Guitars and personal Jewelry as worn and owned by Elvis.His private collection of Deputy Sheriff badges, Elviss sporting paraphernalia and many more items including the actual set of Elvis fingerprints taken for his gun license application are also on show. To rock-and-roll enthusiasts, Presley came to symbolize a new culture of youth. After Elvis Presley, American music rapidly splintered into a variety of mixtures o f styles. For example, there was a revival in called folk-rock. Since then weve had hard rock, soft rock, country rock and even rock operas and musicals.By the sass rock-and-roll had blended with the protest songs of the sass to become rock, a harder music than rock-and-roll. However, rock became an international as well as American phenomenon, one that millions of younger people worldwide saw as their natural cultural language. A larger part of its appeal was that it symbolized opposition to officially approved ideas and standards even more strongly than its ancestor (rock-and-roll) had done in the sass. A phenomenon of the sass and sass was the musical.Composers wrote songs for Broadway theatres which were often adapted for Hollywood. A classical composer who turned his hand to musicals was Leonard Bernstein. Nowadays, Chicago is the most popular one. Music can be a powerful weapon. In 1966, a song Banana Boat Song recorded by a truck driver from Buffalo, New York, helped force a Dutch detailer, (the CEO of Royal Dutch Aloud, the largest supermarket chain in the Easter United States) to the negotiating table over a dispute with U.S. Workers. The song managed to pressure the company to sign a profitable contract. Many more well- known musicians are also working to raise consciousness of globalization. In 2003, a group of diverse stars including country singer Steve Earl, performed in thirteen U. S. Cities to expose the negative impacts of free trade and media concentration. Innovative Hoodoo, Hatchback, VIHHoaaL4h0HHb17 trumpet player Typify, cacao+catch fascinating exponentiationsDeputy Sheriff unholy;K Elijah+a paraphernalia _onshore Neglected, nonappearance;1 to splint vaccination revival exposure to blend Accentuate(CO) ancestor unpack phenomenon anyone negotiating table croon Neapolitan to pressure cablecast Anaheim consciousness of globalization channel rainfall_AVIVA diverse pa3H006pa3Hb17 to expose instant The Americanization of popular taste and habits was not restricted to entertainment. Not only did fast food and blue Jeans earn the popularity, but also supermarkets and skyscrapers. The first supermarkets appeared in the United States n the sass. They gave shoppers a much wider range of choices of foods and other consumer goods. They were the visible proof of the superiority of the American way of organizing a nations economic life. When supermarkets proved a commercial success in the USA they quickly spread to other prosperous countries, first in Europe and then in other parts of the world. So did another feature of American cities in appeared in Chicago in sass. One of the earliest examples of the skyscrapers in New York was Seagram Building, designed by Miss van deer Roe and Philip Johnnys architects working in the USA.By the sass skyscrapers became office and apartment buildings in cities all over the world. In the early sass there was a real craze for graffiti art, which was no longer found only in the subway and poor ghetto areas of the city as it used to be in the sass. Graffiti came back with hip-hop music. Hip-hop culture grew up in the black ghettos of big American cities in the early sass. When hip-hop music suddenly got to the top of the American music charts, hip-hop culture was spread, bringing graffiti with it. Hip-hop music is linked with rap, which is a style of talking/singing that is very popular.Today companies re starting to realize the appeal of graffiti in advertising. Keel Rodriguez, who used to spray New York subway trains, was the artist to design the Wall Street Journals website and it is obviously, done in graffiti-style. Another artist, Blade has his own website devoted only to the world of graffiti. This website has a merchandise page where Blade sells things with his own original designs all over the world. Leonardo McGuire, a street artist for 25 years, when from painting subway trains to designing and marketing graffiti-inspired clothes for young people, says: Graffiti has been a story of survival.Nowadays, it has the status of street art and you get graffiti in advertisements, on clothes, on toys. Other examples of street art are street musicians, known as buckers, live-statues people who stand motionless like a statue and pavement artists, chalking on pavements, often reproducing famous works of art. Visual artistry and street theatre have helped globalization activists reach new audiences and transformed demonstrations into festivals of colorful and creative expression. Art can be powerful.On the eve of a major protest against the World Bank in 2000, Washington, DC, police took actions and confiscated gigantic paper-mach puppets, including a massive smiling sun that had been constructed for the rally. Since 2000 a decentralized group of graphic artists and educators, the Maine-based Beehive Collective has designed and distributed 45000 educational posters on globalization and other issues through pollination tours on college campuses, high schools, at major demonstrations.The tapes and complementary comic books were produced by a U. S. Group Media for International Development. They have distributed 5000 tapes and 3000 comic books throughout the country. A lot of people have emigrated from Europe to the USA, looking for Jobs and career opportunities. As the USA has become a melting pot and cultures mix more and more, its necessary to become not only culturally sensitive and tolerant, but also to make English, the official language of the United States, the global language the language of international communication, peace talks and government negotiations. English is certainly a useful language to learn.

The eNotes Blog Ghostwriting Do ReadersCare

Ghostwriting Do ReadersCare It may not surprise you to learn that many celebrities do not write their own books. After all, they usually have neither the skill nor the time to do so. It may be more upsetting, however, to learn that books by more laudable figures are also penned by ghostwriters. According to literary agent Madeline Morel, â€Å"On the non-fiction best-seller list, 12 out of the 15 books listed probably have been ghostwritten.† A look at last week’s New York Times nonfiction best-seller list seems to uphold Morel’s assertion. Of the fifteen current top titles, three say they are written â€Å"with† someone else. Several others, like Dylan Ratigan’s Greedy Bastards, also seem likely candidates. The question is, does it matter to you whether or not the story you are reading is penned by its central figure? Is it all right if a person has a good story to tell but relies on someone else to do the actual writing? Perhaps the best solution is to do as several authors now do by confessing that they did not go it alone. Professional ghost writers defend their craft. They are not merely reporters or dictation machines, many will insist. Rather, they bring their skills to help someone express him- or herself in a way that will sound both interesting and polished. Professional ghostwriter  David Reisen  adds, â€Å"I don’t think that writing with somebody is necessarily milquetoast. I really want the human being to come through.† (You can hear more about ghostwriters and writing on PRI’s Studio 360  here.) What do you think? Do you care at all if a book is ghostwritten? We would like to hear your thoughts.

Living in McMinden Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Living in McMinden - Essay Example She complains about the rigidness of many of the social groups in her school and notices that there appears to be a divide between people of different socio-economic status. She also feels alienated due to her ethnicity. She describes being a part of one of the first Hispanic families in town. She complains that there is not much communication between the different groups. Jenny's comments are interesting as they bring together a large varieties of different types of alienation. Growing up can be hard to do in a general way, but Jenny is perceptively analyzing both class and ethnic differences in her school. In my own experience in high school I noticed people like Jenny and saw that they had a hard time. I did what I could to help them. I grew up in a small town like McMinden, a town that was changing, and can sympathize with her feelings about the negativity at school. Suzanne provides another perspective. She clearly cares about her children, but could perhaps be described as a So ccer Mom. She is clearly exhibiting signs of role expectation for her children. She wants her children to be like her father. The path to accomplish that goal is through school athletics. She doesn't speak about what her children want, only what she wants for them. It is clear that her heart is in the right place. She seems to be a product of a difficult life and is facing up to the challenge of being a divorced mother.

The Silk Road and its effects on the economic development of India, Essay

The Silk Road and its effects on the economic development of India, China, and Southeast Asia - Essay Example India, China, and Southeast Asia were central locations along the Silk Road. The trade route brought together a number of civilizations, with the common denominator of their interaction being the long distance trade between them. The trade locations that the Silk Road covered enhanced the history of every single party. Cultures were exchanged and the foundations of economic growth and development were laid. The various dynasties that existed, including but not limited to Western Han (206 BC–24 AD), Eastern Han (25–220), and Tang (618–907) among others influenced the pursuits of each civilization involved (Boulnois, 2005). China was a key player in the long distance trade that made up the Silk Road. With the Silk Road named after the primary trade product, China’s economy was undoubtedly heading for growth and development. The traded silk in this route came from China, among other traded goods at the time (Christian, 2000). The dominance of silk as a trade product in the Silk Road exacerbated the economic performance in China. Technologies were also exchanged; a scenario that best suited China’s economy. Contributing traders in this pursuit were the Indians, Bactrian, Sogdian traders between the 5th and 8th century CE, and later the Arabs and Persians (Waugh,

Jaguar Land Rover plc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Jaguar Land Rover plc - Essay Example JLR has managed to capture markets in North America, UK, Europe and China. JLR has a large sales and distribution network. Jaguar and Land Rover compete in 101 and 174 respectively. Its large distribution network comprises of 18 National Sales Companies, 61 export partners, 83 importers and 2,241 franchise dealers. (JAGUAR LAND ROVER PLC. 2011; BANERJEE, B. 2008) Financial Results: JLR Plc has shown improvement in its financial results over the years. In 2008 when it was acquired it was a loss making company, with the improvement in technology, cost cutting strategies, increased volume, product and market mix and favorable exchange movements Tata Motors has managed to make JLR Plc a profitable business for the group. In 2011, due to its expansion in new markets of China and Russia where demand of premium cars was high, helped improve the company’s performance. An increase in revenue- retail and wholesale both, earning before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA ) and net income have also been recorded in 2011 as compared to previous financial years due to efforts made in development of new products, entering new markets and resulting increase in volumes, decrease in costs and better working capital management. (JAGUAR LAND ROVER PLC. 2011; BANERJEE, B. ... Information could be required about ROI, RI, payback periods of a product etc. Mangers require financial information like revenue and costs to determine profit. In this analysis cost of goods sold is involved which is closely related to inventory management that is an important aspect of management’s work. In an automobile business like JLR inventory management and valuation (completed products and work in progress) is the key to success, holding large inventory increases cost or keeping less inventory results in stock outs, both effecting customers. (DRURY, C., & DRURY, C. 2005) On the other hand JLR managers need information to take routine decisions and also strategic long term decisions. Information is required relating to profitability to know which products to retain and which should be abandoned. Cost information is crucial aspect of the business too. Based on this information managers take decisions about company’s cost cutting strategies and enables them to com pete in highly competitive markets. (DRURY, C., & DRURY, C. 2005) Activity Based Costing: Cost information and its analysis is an important aspect of any business to gain a competitive edge over other business. The breakup of costs and easy, fairer allocation of costs incurred can provide a true picture about the profitability of the products. In automotive business like JR Plc, a large portion of costs are incurred in administrative activities which are difficult to apportion directly to the products. ABC can change the way organization measure their performance and view their performance. (ANDERSON, S. W., & YOUNG, S. M. 2001) Data collection and employee

Effects of Weather on Aircraft Accidents

Effects of Weather on Aircraft Accidents EFFECTS OF VISIBILITY ON AIRCRAFT MISHAPS IN NIGERIA Efe, S. I. Geography and Regional Planning Department Delta State University, Abraka. ABSTRACT This paper is an assessment of the effects of weather on aircraft mishaps in Nigeria. This was investigated with the aid of data collected from the Meteorological Service Office, Oshodi and the use of questionnaire. The data were analyzed with the aid of mean and multiple regression models. Results suggest that poor visibility (less than l000m) have a significant effect on aircraft mishaps in Nigeria, other casual factors of aircraft. Old age of the aircraft, lack of safe landing equipment amongst others factors of aircraft mishaps. INTRODUCTION There have been several cases of air transportation problems due to poor aviation weather at both international and national airports worldwide. For example, in U.S.A. the weather is responsible for about 33 percent of all aviation accidents while thunderstorms are the commonest cause of flight delays (26 percent). Also, unfavourable winds and wind shear are responsible for 19 percent of flight hold-ups (Hayward and Oguntoyinbo, 1987). But Critchfield (1966) and Smith (1975) have noted the effects of poor visibility on flight operation. For instance. Smith (1975) opined that despite the increasing sophistication of automatic landing equipment, poor visibility from fog and low cloud ceilings is probably the major impediment to air operation throughout the world. In Nigeria, there has been a series of aviation accidents related to poor weather. But the worst aviation fatality occurred in November 1973, when 183 people died in an air crash at Kano airport during the landing approaches o f a pilgrim flight from Jeddah as a thick dust haze persisted. Also Nigeria airways, suspended its flights for one week in January 1983, due to widespread dust haze, and was reported to have lost about 15 million U.S. dollars as a result (Adefolalu, 1984). Studies in this area have been neglected over the years, rather there are concentrations of studies on Harmattan dust haze as seen in the works of Biglestone (1958), Burns (1961), Ireland (1962), Samray (1974), Adefolalu (1968 and 1984); and Dear and Bokop (1996). Even the study by Adefolalu (1984) which appeared more recent in Nigeria only focused on the Bioclimatological aspect of Harmattan dust haze in Nigeria to the neglects of the effects of visibility on flight operations in Nigeria,. In fact, while vagaries of poor visibility on flight operation in Nigeria continued unabated, as highlighted in the Nigerian Guardian November 1996, December 1998 and the Comet February 2000. There are a dwindling number of studies in this area . The reason is not unconnected with the paucity of visibility data as well as inadequate records of flight accidents, delays and cancellations in most Nigerian airports and Meteorological services departments. Even when available, exorbitant fees for their purchase scare researchers away. Thus, there is dearth of information in this aspect of climatology. This study is therefore carried out in Nigeria that is located at the intersection of latitude 4 °N and 14 °N, and between longitude 3 °E and 15 °E. It is characterised with wet and dry season. However, in the coastal belt of Nigeria, wet season spans for 11 — 12 months. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY This study is aim at assessing the effects of visibility on aircraft mishaps and identifying other factors that causes aircraft mishaps in Nigeria and recommend ways of reducing aircraft mishaps in Nigeria. CONCEPT AND METHODOLOGY The study is based on the concept of visibility. Visibility is the highest distance an individual can see with an unaided Hayward and (Oguntoynibo, 1987). However, in the context of the aircraft operation, it is the highest distant a pilot can see on board (airborne) when taking off with the aid of an unaided eye. Visibility is said to be poor to aircraft operation, when it 100 metres and below (Efe, 1997). There are probably two main source areas for dust harmattan haze that precipitated in poor visibility in West Africa and Nigeria in particular. One is the plains between Bilma and Fays Largeau in Niger and Chad, where fine dust particles are fed to the area by seasonal streams from the Tibesti upland replenishing the dust that is stripped from the surface by the winds. The second originates west of the Ahaggar massif, Tonezrouft in Algeria. From the ‘former’ source is derived the haze that may extend across Nigeria (Hayward and Oguntoyinbo, 1987). It reaches the Niger ian border about 24 hours after leaving the Fays Largeau source Region (Burns, 1961). Reduction of horizontal visibility invariably marks the onset of a spell, which lasts up to 3 — 5 days (Adebayo, 1980). But some spells may persist for up to 10 days, when the adduction of dust is from a â€Å"line† rather than a â€Å"point† source. In such a situation, clearance of the haze may be delayed to an extent that the arrival of another dust spell is not obvious. Persistence of dust haze for more than two weeks may be classified as due to only one spell whereas it could have been due to overlapping spells. This pattern of occurrence is more conspicuous in the southern limits of the dust â€Å"front† which according to Adefolalu (1968), is a feature of Harmattan dust to the South of the Inter-Tropical Discontinuity (ITD). The in-flight observation on four trips between Kano and Lagos made by Adefolalu showed that the dust layer is shallower but thicker in the extreme north (where visibility is poorer) and coastal parts of Nigeria. But higher to t he south of the surface ITD where dynamic instability associated with the monsoon trough (Adefolalu, 1983), at about the 900mb level leads to rising motion which help to distribute the dust within a deeper layers. Over the greater part of Nigeria, however, especially north of the forest zone, the prevalence of mist, most noticeably in the dry season, cannot be explained with reference to atmospheric moisture. In fact, it is more accurate to refer to haze rather than mist, the former term being used to describe visibility impaired by presence of solid aerosols, not liquid. In West Africa, particularly during the pre-rains period, such aerosols may be contributed by bush fire (Crozat et al, 1978), but by far the greater proportion of atmospheric pollutants is dust from the north, associated with the harmattan. The influence of this dust-laden north — easterly airflow, reaches even the Guinea Coast in the period December to February. The data used for this study were extracted from the archives of the Accident Unit of Murtala Mohammed Airport, Ikeja, Lagos, (1987 — 1998) and the use of questionnaire. For this data collection, 1000 metres visibility upper limit is used as visibility induce for aircraft operation, the reason being that visibility higher than 1000 metres though affect aircraft operation, but its effect will not bring the desired delays, cancellation and accidents of aircraft in Nigeria. In Nigeria, there are a total of 14 airports, out of which the Murtala Mohammed Airport Ikeja formed the Central collating centre of aircraft accidents, delay and cancellation. This gave the impetus for the choice of the Ikeja Airport. Other reasons for the choice of Ikeja airport, and the years 1987 — 1998 include reliability, consistency; continuity of records and long range of data. For each year, the total daily, monthly and annual aircraft accident as well as those accidents that are weather relate d was scrutinized. The seasonal occurrence of aircraft accidents was adopted by dividing the months of the year into Wet (April-September) and Dry (October — March) seasons. A total of 14 questionnaires were administered to the 14 accident units of the 14 major airports in Nigeria. This was done to elicit information responses on the major causes of aircraft mishaps in Nigeria. One questionnaire each was therefore, posted to the 14 airports and same number was filled, returned and used for the study. The multiple regression analysis is used to determine the effects of poor visibility on aircraft mishaps, while line graph was used to depict the seasonal pattern of aircraft accidents in Nigeria. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS The result of aircraft accidents from 1987 — 1998 are presented and discussed below. From the table above, a total of 89 cases of aircraft accidents were reported, out of which 45 were weather related; and the total number of casualties were 498. During the period under investigation, the year 1988 recorded the highest rate of aircraft accidents of 14 cases, out of which 9 were caused by poor visibility. This was followed by 1992 (10 cases), 1990, 1991 and 1995 (9 cases each), 1998. (8 cases), 1989 (7 cases); and the lowest rates of accidents occurred in 1993 and 1977 (3 cases), poor visibility was the major causes of 2 cases in the year 1997. Over these years, poor visibility was known to be an inducement of these accidents as shown in the weather related column of table 1. In 1988, the 9 weather related cases of accident out of the 14 total cases reported. occurred during the dry season when the hamattan dust haze was said to be highest in the country. Fog, mist, rain, and strong winds are other weather factors that have contributed to the accident rates over the y ears. Most especially those that happened during the months of April — September, are as a result of foggy and misty weather that could sometimes reduce the visibility to 50m in the morning. For instance as a result of foggy and misty weather on June 26th and 11 July 1991; the Nigeria Airway â€Å"Airbus 310† and Ashaka Cement Cessna Citation 550† crash landed at Murtala Mohammed Airport Lagos, and Company Al — 1. Airport in Bauchi respectively. Causalities were said to be 4 and 261 respectively. This was the worst aviation mishap during the period of this study. It was gathered that 5 airports (Sokoto, Kano, Kaduna, Bauc1à ±, and Lagos) have reported cases of visibility — related accidents. This gives 36% percent of the 14 Nigerian airports. Sokoto recorded the highest accident records of 28 cases, while Lagos with 8 cases, recorded the lowest accidents during the period of study. Looking at the casualty trends, 1991 recorded the highest (267), this was followed by 1996 (168), 1995 (26), 1988 (14), 1993 (9) 1997 (7), 1998 (5), and 1989and 1992 (1 each) being the lowest. However, no casualty was recorded in 1990 and 1993 though there were reported cases of 9 and 3 aircraft accidents. The ADC B727 airline that crashed into the Ejinrim water on November 6, 1996, claiming the lives of 146 passengers and crew recorded the second worst casualties during this period. Experts say fears of blackmail or sanction; poverty and fear of being accused of trying to sabotage the airline and government are part of causes of such dare devil attempts that propel a pilot to fly an aircraft when he knows it is unsafe to do so. Other factors that led to these high accidents rate include mechanical problems pilot errors, faulty landing facilities in our airports; absence of floodlights; and unreliable air control facilities. In fact the control system is so poor that sometimes pilot have to communicate (relate) to each other on weather (visibility and wind speed) situation instead of using the control tower. The result of the correlation analysis model showed that there is a high relationship between poor visibility and aircraft accident reported during these period of study. This is evident from a calculated value of 0.85 (72%) and critical table value of 0.51 at 0.01 Confidence level. Hence one can now say that poor visibility did not only inhibit aircraft operation, but has resulted in most of the aircraft accidents recorded in Nigeria as shown from the 72% explanation of the correlation. While the rest 28% is accounted for by human errors; and unreliable air control facilities and Mechanical problems. Figure 1 depicts the Seasonal Occurrence of aircraft accident from 1987 — 1998. While there were double maximum of aircraft accident occurrence (13) in the month of April and September there is no accident recorded in the month of May. The concentration of fog and mist in the lower surface during the morning hours, in July — September, at times reduces visibility to 50m in Bight of Guinea and Coastal areas (Hayward and Oguntoyinbo, 1987), Human errors form the explanation to the highest accident recorded in the season. However the concentrations of aircraft accidents are more in the dry season (October — March). This is evident in 9, 7, 6, 8, 9 and 5 recorded during this season. In fact while there is virtually no month during the dry season that has less than 5 cases of accidents, there is in the wet season (April — September). This is evident in 13, 0, 4, 6, 9, and 13, recorded during this season. The highest cases of 13 occurrences of aircraft accidents were in the month of September. It is attributed to poor visibility related to heavy rainfall. Causes of Aircraft mishaps in Nigeria Table 2 shows the number of responses to the major causes of aircraft mishaps in Nigeria. Out of the 14 respondents interviewed, all the respondents indicated that poor visibility is a regular cause of aircraft mishaps in Nigeria. This indicates 100% of the respondent. Thus, this is a conformation of the earlier result which show that poor visibility have a significant effects on aircraft accident in Nigeria other factors in decreasing order of responses areas. Lack of regular maintenance (12 respondents); old age of the aircraft (10 respondents); lack of safe landing equipment (9 respondents); human errors (6 respondents) improper reporting system (5 respondents) and fear of blackmail (4 respondents) this showed that all these factor are the major factors that causes aircraft’s mishaps. The result of the multiple regression analysis shows that poor visibility induced 72% of aircraft mishaps in Nigeria. The effects of poor visibility on each of the 5 airports however show that the highest effect was at Sokoto airport with calculated r-value of 0.68, and thus representing 47%. Banchi Kano, Kanduna and Lagos airports, with r-values of 0.67. 0.49 and 0.48, followed this respectively. These shows that poor visibility has exerted 45%, 37%. 24% and 23% effects on the prevalence of aircraft mishaps at Banchi, Kano, Kaduna and Lagos airports respectively. However, summary of ANOVA from the multiple regression analysis shows that poor visibility has strong significant effects on aircraft mishaps in Nigeria during the period of study. This is evident from a calculated F value 4.98 that is greater than the critical table value of 4.39, with 5 under 6 degree of freedom at 0.05 significant level (see table 3). CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION The study revealed that poor visibility has significant effect on aircraft mishaps in Nigeria over the period of study. Apart from poor visibility, other causal factors of aircraft mishaps identified are lack of regular maintenance, old age of aircraft, lack of safe landing equipment, human errors, improper reporting system and fear of blackmail of the pilot. Viewing the monumental loses from aircraft accidents; accident prevention should be a goal sought by everyone in the aviation industry, as well as by the government. The Meteorological Services Department of the Federal Ministry of Aviation should continue to recognise the enormous impact of weather on flying operation, particularly civil and general aviation, and provide services tailored to meet the specific needs of this important part of the aviation sector. Increasing reliance should be placed on automated systems, as opposed to face-to-face briefing services, to deliver meteorological information for flight planning and pilot documentation. It is also essential that up-to-date training and educational material be made available to enable pilots to enhance their knowledge and understanding of aeronautical meteorology and aeronautical meteorological services, so that they can use that information to fly safely and efficiently. Government should encourage the aviation industry by creating an effective incident-reporting programme. This is done by having reporting systems both at the local (i.e. airline, air traffic facility etc.) and national levels, with the local sources forwarding information to the national system. For a more co-ordinated level of operating the Nigerian National Voluntary Incident Reporting System (NNVIRS) should share information at a global level. The modern instrument landing system (ILS) should be installed in major airports in Nigeria. The 19 new Distance Measuring Equipment (DME), very high Omni-directional radio range (VOR) on Doppler VOR and locator Beacons installed at two run ways of the Lagos airports should also be installed at all Nigerian domestic and International airports to boost domestic and international flights. Also, routine maintenance of aircraft should be carried out as and when due. Accidents hardly ever happen without warning. The combination or sequence of failure and mistakes that causes an accident may indeed be unique, but the individual failure and mistake rarely are. Hence poor visibility was identified as a major casual factor that was responsible for the above aircraft accidents in Nigeria. Other contributing factors include; Human error, absence of safe landing equipment, fear of blackmail and lack of regular maintenance of aircraft before they embark on any journey or flight. Finally, it is recommended that accident prevention should be the responsibility of everyone in the aviation industry. REFERENCES Adebayo. S. 1. (1980): Pronounced Dust haze Spell Over Nigeria, 2-11 March, 1971 Pre-WAMEX Symposium. Lagos, 270— 300. Adefolalu, D, 0. (1968): Two Case Studies of the Vertical Distribution of Dust during occurrence of Harmattan Haze over Nigeria. Technical Notes No 21, Met. Department, Lagos, Nigeria, 13 pp. Adefolalu, D, 0. (1983): Weather Forecasting and the Role of Scale hizteraction in West Africa. Arch. Met. Geoph. Bioci. Ser. A32, 103— 117 pp. Adefolalu, D, 0. (1984): On Bio-climatological Aspects of Harmatlan Dust haze in Nigeria. Arch. Met. Geoph. Bioci. Ser. B 33 387 — 404pp. Biglestone, H.J. (1958): Harmattan Haze At Kano British West African Meteorological Services Technical Note. No. 10. Burns, F. (1961): Dust Haze in Relation to Pressure Gradients. Technical Note, No. 11. Nig. Met. Department. 5p. Critchfield, H.J. (1966): General Climatology (2’’ ed.) Prentice — Hall Inc. New Jersey. 420p. Crozat, C. Domergue, J.I. Bandet, J. and Bogui, V. (1978): Influence des Feux de Brousse stir la Compition Chmique des aerosols Atmospheriques en Afrique de l’ouest. Atmos. Envir. 12, 1917 — 20. Dear, J. and Bokor, L. (1996): Meteorological Support to General aviation W.M.O. Bulletin vol. 45, No.2, 151— 156 pp. Efe, S.I. (1997): Analysis of cloud covers over South Western Nigeria. M.Sc. Dissertation in the Department of Geography, University of Ibadan. 1 — 50 pp. Hayward, D. and Oguntoyinbo, J. (1987): Climatology of West African. Hutchrison, London 78 — 81 pp. Ireland, A.W. (1962): Incidence of Harinattan Air at the Surface iii Lagos Area. Tech. Note. Nig. Met. Services. Sarnways, J. (1975): A Synoptic Account of an Occurrence of Dense Harmattan Dust at Kano in February 1974. Savana. Vol. 4, No. 2 187-190.

Upton Sinclair :: essays research papers

	At the turn of the century America was in the face of economic downfall. Laissez Faire Industrialism had been in place and citizens were at the disposal of big business. Poor working conditions and poverty were the norm in a time where Socialism was an irrelevant ideology. Big business was making the government rich. But according to Upton Sinclair and his "Conditions at the Slaughterhouse," unsafe and repulsive sanitary conditions were at play, putting thousands of carnivorous Americans and factory workers in danger of death, disease and poverty. Although America had expanded to be the most rapidly industrious nation in the world, few agree that it was worth the expense of its populous' health and well being. 	Upton Sinclair was among a swarm of Muckrakers that erupted during American industrialism. He was among many journalists to expose the wrongs of society and propose ways to fix it. But few muckrakers took their stories as deeply as Sinclair. His depiction of the terrible sanitary conditions at one specific meat packing plant in Chicago touched the publics stomachs rather that their hearts. Although he certainly wanted to give the public a view from the inside, public uproar was his among lesser expectation. The details regarding the unsanitary and disgusting conditions in meat packing factories appear to be background details of a much larger picture. Sinclair's main fight in his "Conditions at the Slaughterhouse" was to bring about the ideology of Socialism and how government needed to step in and take control. 	The grotesque ways in which the meat was being processed in these plants also relates to the ways in which workers were being treated as well. People working in these plants were about as valuable to the owners as the individual pigs themselves. Although they were not necessarily slaves, they were often foreigners and unskilled workers who had no choice but to work for low wages under poor living conditions. Most of these people lived in the plants themselves or in small tenant housings nearby. The beaten workers in the plants found it hard to work in such deprivation and to them their only way to continue living was to drink their problems away. For alcohol seemed to be their only form of enjoyment. 	 	Americans of the 19th century were supposedly granted freedoms to live and work to provide a family and live the American dream with prosperity and happiness. Upton Sinclair :: essays research papers 	At the turn of the century America was in the face of economic downfall. Laissez Faire Industrialism had been in place and citizens were at the disposal of big business. Poor working conditions and poverty were the norm in a time where Socialism was an irrelevant ideology. Big business was making the government rich. But according to Upton Sinclair and his "Conditions at the Slaughterhouse," unsafe and repulsive sanitary conditions were at play, putting thousands of carnivorous Americans and factory workers in danger of death, disease and poverty. Although America had expanded to be the most rapidly industrious nation in the world, few agree that it was worth the expense of its populous' health and well being. 	Upton Sinclair was among a swarm of Muckrakers that erupted during American industrialism. He was among many journalists to expose the wrongs of society and propose ways to fix it. But few muckrakers took their stories as deeply as Sinclair. His depiction of the terrible sanitary conditions at one specific meat packing plant in Chicago touched the publics stomachs rather that their hearts. Although he certainly wanted to give the public a view from the inside, public uproar was his among lesser expectation. The details regarding the unsanitary and disgusting conditions in meat packing factories appear to be background details of a much larger picture. Sinclair's main fight in his "Conditions at the Slaughterhouse" was to bring about the ideology of Socialism and how government needed to step in and take control. 	The grotesque ways in which the meat was being processed in these plants also relates to the ways in which workers were being treated as well. People working in these plants were about as valuable to the owners as the individual pigs themselves. Although they were not necessarily slaves, they were often foreigners and unskilled workers who had no choice but to work for low wages under poor living conditions. Most of these people lived in the plants themselves or in small tenant housings nearby. The beaten workers in the plants found it hard to work in such deprivation and to them their only way to continue living was to drink their problems away. For alcohol seemed to be their only form of enjoyment. 	 	Americans of the 19th century were supposedly granted freedoms to live and work to provide a family and live the American dream with prosperity and happiness.

Internal And External Stakeholder Analysis Essay

Non -profit organization- an organization that is tax free and that serves the public interest. Their purposes are charitable, educational, scientific, religious or literary. Public expects to donate and their donations be deducted from their federal taxes. A legally non -profit org does not declare any profit and instead utilizing all the resources and revenue for its operating expenses. International Humanitarian City (IHC) Established in 2003 by HH Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Vice-President and Prime Minister of the UAE and Ruler of Dubai, the International Humanitarian City (IHC) has grown to become the world’s largest and busiest logistics hub for humanitarian aid with nine UN agencies and nearly 50 NGOs and commercial entities as members. Its expertise is in transport and logistics to work hand in hand with aid agencies on helping the victims of crises and families whose lives are scarred by poverty. IHC capabilities for delivering help is eight hours by air to two thirds of the world population some of the worst humanitarian crises that includes tsunami in Southeast Asia, recurring drought of Africa, Civil unrest in Afghanistan and Darfur and the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. IHC also has been engaged on emergency responses to Syria and Philippines Characteristics of Nonprofit Organization: Passion for Mission ( values Driven) – creativity, energy and dedication for the work Atmosphere of Scarcity – Shortage of resources, underdeveloped infrastructure may exist execution walls. Bias toward informality, participation and consensus- Dual bottom lines; Financial and Mission Program outcomes are difficult to assess Governing boards has both oversight and supporting roles Mixed skill level of staff Participation of volunteers Public Sector- Composed of organization that are owned and operated by the government. Includes Federal, provincial, state, or municipal governments, depending on where you live. RTA( Road and transport Authority) a public sector organization responsible for transport network in UAE, a versatile entity mandated to manage marine roads , metro and public transport through sub agencies. 5 basic Characteristics of public sector State Ownership: Owned by the state. It could be in the nature of Central, State or local government ownership or any instrumentality of the state too can have the ownership of public enterprise. Controlled by the state Its operation and administration controlled by government. The Government has the direct responsibility to manage the affairs of the enterprise through various devices and exercises control over it by means of a number of agencies and techniques. Public Responsibility: Public Enterprises owe accountability to people as they are funded through public money. This accountability is realized through legislature and its committees, ministers, audit institutions and other specialized agencies. Independence: Public Enterprises function with highest independence under given situations. They are free from day to day interference in their affairs and management. Coverage The public enterprise negotiates all areas and activities. There is hardly any field of activity, which is not covered by the operations of public enterprises. Stakeholder- a person, group of organizations that has interest or affect the organization or with reasonable interest to a given situation or enterprise Stakeholder Analysis- tools to identify the needs and concern of various stakeholders. It is a useful tool for; Gaining understanding and building harmony Communicating the benefits of a proposed project Building strong inclusive campaigns that involve the public Benefits; common problems that can be solves using analysis. Unnecessary focus on analytical tools Issues are too large of complex for decision makers The scope of study is too large Some stakeholder are left out There is no local ownership There is no commitment for implementation. Kinds of stakeholder; Primary stakeholder- direct beneficiaries and direct concerned person Secondary stakeholder- mediators in the process of delivering aid to primary stakeholder Opposition Stakeholder- those who have the capacity to affect outcomes unfavorably through the resources and influence they command. It is crucial to engage them in open dialogue Marginal stakeholder- such as women, indigenous people, and other needy groups Key stakeholder- have significant influence upon or importance within the organization. Stakeholder Analysis Process; Identify and man internal and external stakeholder Assess the nature of each stakeholders influence and importance Construct a matrix to identify stakeholder influence and importance Monitor and mange stakeholder relationship. Two type of stake holder; Direct stakeholder – directly connected to the organization Intermediary- who represent others Importance of stakeholder Support the overall movement of the organization which involves providing quality service e.g medical assistance, recovery missions and distributing  relief goods to affected areas. Influence the Non- profit organization- provides the opportunity to organization to share its goals and objective to join to other organizations which has the same missions and purpose. Clients and Volunteers – Free publicity from the clients who receive quality service from the organization and tell its story publicly, or shared it to their co- workers, friends and or can be featured to any media advertisement to support the cause and ask for funding. Identifying Stakeholder; Brainstorming-one way of identifying the stakeholder.Analyzing or making a list of stakeholder or even the type of stakeholder. Mapping-a usefull way of unlocking creativity and helping the ideas to flow. A diagram that shows a map or even a software that can use to map its stakeholder Stakeholder list- general list of stakeholder are the starting point to identify them. Doesn’t include many specialists in the industry or industry specific job titles. Previous projects- documentation from previous projects and communicating the projects team who is involve on the particular project or a particular client. Organization charts and directories- Company organization or directory also can help to identify a particular stakeholder. Reviewing the Social network sites, like LinkedIn advance people search to look for company stakeholder, industry, job title and seniority. OGC Stakeholder categories- finding it hard to find a potential stakeholder company can do the categorization process. Below is the category can use for identification; User/beneficiaries Governance Influencer ( trade unions, media ) Providers ( supplier, partners) Below diagram is a stakeholder mapping; Internal Stakeholder; ( IHC-non- profit Organization) Board Members Staff members/employees- the one who has direct interaction and involved  during the crisis. One of the most important stakeholder on the organization, initiates activities of IHC consequently, concentrating on IHC mission and vision. Volunteers- individuals who are willing to help, lend a hand during the crisis Donors / Fund raiser– an individual or association that contributes in terms of kinds, monetary during crisis. Former member of the organization are still one to consider, provided they are still active in promoting it. Publicity- a person that may be an instrument for public awareness regarding the organizations existence. Fund raiser- a person who is involved for collecting funds from any group or individual who is willing to give their part. A fund raiser can collect through media and other concert for a cause. External Stake holder (IHC-Non- profit organization) Employers or politicians that create legislation encouraging the hiring of ex-addict. Suppliers of like foods and clothing to be distributed to the affected area they can take advantage of the event like selling other goods to other distributor on the market. Governmental bodies/civil society- a non- governmental society working in the field of exclusion. Competitors- Who has the same structure of business Media- TV, newspaper , TV channels Environment – place where humanitarian city is built, should have a friendly neighborhood, safety for the victims, stress free. Internal stakeholder ( RTA) Customer/Travelers- individuals who are rail users , who are experiencing the benefits Employees- who has direct interaction with the commuters Guards- Who assures safety of any travelers/ tourist, executed rules and regulations , Maintenance- who maintain the technical and mechanical problem of the RTA Cleaners- individuals who are responsible for cleaning the area including toilets, labatories and prayer rooms. Convenience store and other kiosk that are found on the station External Stakeholder (RTA) Governments- a group that executed/implements rules and regulation. State/federal agencies. Government agencies often devise and issue regulations and reporting requirements, and can sometimes make or break an effort by how they choose to regulate and how vigorously they enforce their regulations. Policy makers. Peoples or groups often have no official power – they may be â€Å"advisers† to those with real power – but their opinions and ideas are often followed closely. If they’re on your side, that’s a big plus. Media- commuters awareness (rates , maps and direction,) TV, Radio, Newspaper and magazine.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) Essays

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) Essays Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) Paper Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) Paper Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ( abbreviated as ELISA ) , is a sort of immunochemical assay technique to observe the presence of a specific antibody or antigen in the trial samples. This method chiefly make usage of both immunological reaction ( the antibody-antigen reaction ) to observe the nowadays of specific antibody or antigen ) and biochemical reaction ( the enzyme substrate reaction ) to bring forth a seeable signal for both qualitative and quantitative measuring. The ELISA method used in this experiment is an illustration of indirect ELISA method. The ELISA home base Wellss are coated with optimized concentration of antigens before manus by agencies of charge interaction or with the aid of a spacer coating ( eg. L-lysine ) . Then the home base Wellss are washed with buffer solution, and a blocking measure is preformed by adding bovine serum albumen or casein, to barricade any uncoated infinite in the well before utilizing to observe antibodies in sample serum. Then the sample serum is added to observe the nowadays of specific antibody, the antibodies will adhere to the antigens in the well ( in this experiment is the anti-DNA antibody ) . Then a secondary antibody ( normally raised from a species against the antibody of the sample ) with enzyme-linked ( called conjugate ) was added to adhere. The enzyme used may be Alkaline phosphate or Horseradish peroxidase ( in this experiment is Alkaline phosphate ) ; this besides serve as signal elaboration measure as the enzymes conjugate chose used normally have more than one binding sites for the substrate added later. Then a substrate is added for the enzyme to bring forth a colour reaction ( in this experiment is the PNPP which produce a xanthous colour ) to bespeak the nowadays of the specific antibody in the sample. The higher the concentration of the antibody in the trial sample, the stronger the colour developed. We can utilize a spectrometer ( an ELISA reader in this experiment ) to mensurate the colour quantitatively alternatively of utilizing our oculus, which is more nonsubjective and accurate. Washing with buffer ( normally a mild detergent ) is applied between stairss to take unbind antibodies to avoid non-specific binding of antibodies. Normally positive and negative controls will be paralleled tally with the trial sample to formalize the consequence. The cut-off point between a positive or negative consequence is normally determined statistically with known criterions. In add-ons, with a consecutive dilution of a known criterion ( known concentration of the specific antibody want to observe in the trial ) , we can besides happen the sum of the specific antibody in the trial sample from the graph of optical density against concentration of the known criterion. Therefore, the ELISA method can bring forth both qualitative and quantitative consequence in observing the specific antibody in trial sample. ELISA is a comparatively high sensitive and specific trial for observing serum protein, the presence of specific antibody or antigen ; and besides considers as a high-throughput immunochemical assay. The usage of ELISA besides includes endocrines and infective antigens ( including virus and bacterium ) . The most common illustration is observing HIV in patient samples. In add-on, it has the advantage of utilizing non-radioactive substances, is safer than those radio-immunoassays. Other ELISA methods: Sandwich ELISA ( or direct ELISA ) is used to observe antigen in sample serum, is less-common. With known measure of gaining control antibodies coated to the well, the antigens in the sample will adhere to the antibodies to organize complex. Then enzyme-linked primary antibodies will be applied to observe the nowadays of the antigens. Competition ELISA is a different method from the indirect and sandwich ELISA, in which the kit contains enzyme-linked antigen instead than enzyme-linked antibody. The labelled antigen will vie with the antigen in the sample for the antibody adhering sites in the well. Therefore, more antigens in the sample will give weaker signal as less labelled antigen can adhere to the antibody adhering sites in the well. The advantage of this method is can be used to observe antigen in impure samples. Change by reversal ELISA is a new engineering utilizing immunosorbent polystyrene rod with stick outing nose cones. This ogives will dunk into the sample, therefore a higher sample volume can be used to better the sensitiveness. Furthermore, the nose cones can be sensitized with different reagent to observe different antibodies or antigens at the same time for multi-target checks.

Best Automotive Business Pract essays

Best Automotive Business Pract essays Survival of the Fittest in the Present Automotive Market How Slow and Steady Can Win the Race The automobile manufacturing trade presents an interesting and important microcosm of American business as a whole. The general public opinion is that American manufacturing in general is faltering-that decreases in worker productivity and product quality, stiff competition from foreign concerns, increasing domestic labor costs, a diminishing loyalty among consumers for U.S. made products, and other factors are causing a subtle shift in our entire economy. Americans just dont build the best products, or so says the current school of thought, and the future of the U.S. economy lies not in manufacturing, but service sectors. To the casual observer, nowhere is this opinion more valid than in the American automotive industry. It is common knowledge that domestic carmakers are struggling, and have been for decades. Buick Motor Division, and the General Motors conglomerate of which it is a part, once enjoyed unparalleled prestige and rosy prospects for the future. Then, competition and other outside forces reshaped the landscape of the U.S. auto market. Buick and other domestic car companies foundered for over three decades. A few American companies went out of business altogether during this tumultuous time, including Studebaker, American Motors and Eagle. Even more recently, the Oldsmobile and Plymouth divisions of General Motors and Chrysler, respectively, were dismantled by corporate edicts within months of their centennial celebrations. Many industry pundits now predict that General Motors Buick division will be next. However, Buick is implementing business strategies that could not only save the division, but enable it to thrive in the coming years. Presently, the centenarian company has a unique opportunity to grow in a stagnant segment, by continuing its tradition of quiet innovation, m aintaining ties with its core custome...

Genetically engineered trees Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Genetically engineered trees - Essay Example Evaluating the risks against the potential gain from this science can aid us in reaching a reasonable conclusion about the safety of engineered trees and the caution needed to pursue this science. The possibility of genetically engineered paper has been possible since 1998 when a team of researchers at Michigan State University engineered an aspen tree to produce higher-grade paper pulp (Lubick). The economic pressure to initiate large-scale transgenic tree plantations is enormous and according to Lubick, "[...] trees are the next big crop plant". The paper and lumber industry stands to reap hundreds of millions of dollars in profits from the increased pulp and wood production that is available from these trees (Lubick). The pressure from business, and the ability of the trees to cross pollinate for hundreds of miles, places us dangerously close to spreading the new genetic species globally on a massive scale. Critics argue that once the new genetic strains are turned loose in the wild, there will be no turning back. Trees that create their own pesticides may kill off desirable insects and leave the forest unable to support wildlife ("Genetic Engineering"). Trees that are resistant to pests and disease may take over parks and national forests with a "kudzu-like threat" ("Genetic Engineering").

Green Grid Computing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Green Grid Computing - Essay Example Initially, The Green Grid has formed four initial technical working groups - Data Collection and Analysis, Data Center Technology and Strategy, Data Center Operations, and Data Center Metrics and Measurements - comprised of experts from the founding companies and open to others interested in participating. Other work groups may be developed as needs are identified. In addition, the group will engage with end-users in meaningful two-way dialog and work with other organizations, governmental bodies, and NGOs to provide a comprehensive and holistic view of data center energy efficiency (See: . The collective viewpoint of Green Grid members is that energy efficiency in the data center is the most significant issue facing technology providers and their customers today. This situation is not only due to exponential increases in power and cooling costs over the past few years, but also because customer demand for concentrated computing is outpacing the availability of clean reliable power in many places around the world. The Green Grid is the first industry initiative chartered to take a holistic view of the computing ecosystem, with a focus on addressing the pressing issues facing data center users (Green Consortium, Feb 2007). On the other hand, The Green Grid is an ambitious project to create a shared high-performance computing infrastructure for science and engineering at Dartmouth College. The Green Grid was created with the support of the Dean of the Faculty of Arts & Sciences to promote collaborative computing for the entire Dartmouth community.